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Brady WJ, Knuth CJ, Pirrallo RG. Bilateral inferior glenohumeral dislocation: luxatio erecta, an unusual presentation of a rare disorder. J Emerg Med. 1995 Jan-Feb;13(1):37-42.

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American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: shoulder pain - traumatic. 2017 [internet publication].

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Chahal J, Marks PH, Macdonald PB, et al. Anatomic Bankart repair compared with nonoperative treatment and/or arthroscopic lavage for first-time traumatic shoulder dislocation. Arthroscopy. 2012 Apr;28(4):565-75.

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Kosnik J, Shamsa F, Raphael E, et al. Anesthetic methods for reduction of acute shoulder dislocations: a prospective randomized study comparing intraarticular lidocaine with intravenous analgesia and sedation. Am J Emerg Med. 1999 Oct;17(6):566-70.

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1.  Brady WJ, Knuth CJ, Pirrallo RG. Bilateral inferior glenohumeral dislocation: luxatio erecta, an unusual presentation of a rare disorder. J Emerg Med. 1995 Jan-Feb;13(1):37-42.

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2.  Hildebrand KA, Patterson SD, King GJ. Acute elbow dislocations: simple and complex. Orthop Clin North Am. 1999 Jan;30(1):63-79.

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3.  Sanders S, Tejwani N, Egol KA. Traumatic hip dislocation - a review. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis. 2010;68(2):91-6.

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4.  Yeap JS, Lee DJ, Fazir M, et al. The epidemiology of shoulder dislocations in Malaysia. Med J Malaysia. 2004 Dec;59 Suppl F:19-23.

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5.  Krøner K, Lind T, Jensen J. The epidemiology of shoulder dislocations. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1989;108(5):288-90.

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8.  Inoue G, Maeda N. Irreducible palmar dislocation of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the finger. J Hand Surg Am. 1990 Mar;15(2):301-4.

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9.  Sperner G, Benedetto KP, Glötzer W. Pathology, diagnosis and therapy of patellar dislocation [in German]. Sportverletz Sportschaden. 1990 Jun;4(2):69-72.

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10.  Dimentberg RA. Intra-articular dislocation of the patella: case report and literature review. Clin J Sport Med. 1997 Apr;7(2):126-8.

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11.  Fithian DC, Paxton EW, Stone ML, et al. Epidemiology and natural history of acute patellar dislocation. Am J Sports Med. 2004 Jul-Aug;32(5):1114-21.

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12.  Palmu S, Kallio PE, Donell ST, et al. Acute patellar dislocation in children and adolescents: a randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008 Mar;90(3):463-70.

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13.  Josefsson PO, Nilsson BE. Incidence of elbow dislocation. Acta Orthop Scand. 1986 Dec;57(6):537-8.

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14.  Plancher KD, Lucas TS. Fracture dislocations of the elbow in athletes. Clin Sports Med. 2001 Jan;20(1):59-76.

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15.  Kälicke T, Muhr G, Frangen TM. Dislocation of the elbow with fractures of the coronoid process and radial head. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2007 Dec;127(10):925-31.

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16.  Habermeyer P, Jung D, Ebert T. Treatment strategy in first traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder. Plea for a multi-stage concept of preventive initial management [in German]. Unfallchirurg. 1998 May;101(5):328-41.

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17.  Stiles BM, Drake DB, Gear AJ, et al. Metacarpophalangeal joint dislocation: indications for open surgical reduction. J Emerg Med. 1997 Sep-Oct;15(5):669-71.

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18.  Incavo SJ, Mogan JV, Hilfrank BC. Extension splinting of palmar plate avulsion injuries of the proximal interphalangeal joint. J Hand Surg Am. 1989 Jul;14(4):659-61.

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19.  Beasley LS, Vidal AF. Traumatic patellar dislocation in children and adolescents: treatment update and literature review. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2004 Feb;16(1):29-36.

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20.  Buchner M, Baudendistel B, Sabo D, et al. Acute traumatic primary patellar dislocation: long-term results comparing conservative and surgical treatment. Clin J Sport Med. 2005 Mar;15(2):62-6.

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21.  Kundu ZS, Mittal R, Sangwan SS, et al. Simultaneous asymmetric bilateral hip dislocation with unilateral fracture of femur-peculiar mode of trauma in a case. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2003 Dec;13(4):255-7.

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23.  Emond M, Le Sage N, Lavoie A, et al. Clinical factors predicting fractures associated with an anterior shoulder dislocation. Acad Emerg Med. 2004 Aug;11(8):853-8.

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24.  Tietjen R. Occult glenohumeral interposition of a torn rotator cuff: a case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982 Mar;64(3):458-9.

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25.  Simank HG, Dauer G, Schneider S, et al. Incidence of rotator cuff tears in shoulder dislocations and results of therapy in older patients. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2006 May;126(4):235-40.

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26.  Hovelius L, Olofsson A, Sandström B, et al. Nonoperative treatment of primary anterior shoulder dislocation in patients 40 years of age and younger: a prospective 25-year follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008 May;90(5):945-52.

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27.  Vicar AJ. Proximal interphalangeal joint dislocations without fractures. Hand Clin. 1988 Feb;4(1):5-13.

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28.  Wen DY. Current concepts in the treatment of anterior shoulder dislocations. Am J Emerg Med. 1999 Jul;17(4):401-7.

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29.  Ugras AA, Mahirogullari M, Kural C, et al. Reduction of anterior shoulder dislocations by Spaso technique: clinical results. J Emerg Med. 2008 May;34(4):383-7.

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30.  Elias DA, White LM, Fithian DC. Acute lateral patellar dislocation at MR imaging: injury patterns of medial patellar soft-tissue restraints and osteochondral injuries of the inferomedial patella. Radiology. 2002 Dec;225(3):736-43.

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31.  Packer GJ, Shaheen MA. Patterns of hand fractures and dislocations in a district general hospital. J Hand Surg Br. 1993 Aug;18(4):511-4.

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32.  Zemel NP. Metacarpophalangeal joint injuries in fingers. Hand Clin. 1992 Nov;8(4):745-54.

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33.  American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: shoulder pain - traumatic. 2017 [internet publication].

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34.  Silfverskiold JP, Straehley DJ, Jones WW. Roentgenographic evaluation of suspected shoulder dislocation: a prospective study comparing the axillary view and the scapular 'Y' view. Orthopedics. 1990 Jan;13(1):63-9.

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35.  Rowe CR, Zarins B. Chronic unreduced dislocations of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982 Apr;64(4):494-505.

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36.  Hawkins RJ, Neer CS 2nd, Pianta RM, et al. Locked posterior dislocation of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1987 Jan;69(1):9-18.

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37.  Boone JL, Arciero RA. First-time anterior shoulder dislocations: has the standard changed? Br J Sports Med. 2010 Apr;44(5):355-60.

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38.  Chahal J, Marks PH, Macdonald PB, et al. Anatomic Bankart repair compared with nonoperative treatment and/or arthroscopic lavage for first-time traumatic shoulder dislocation. Arthroscopy. 2012 Apr;28(4):565-75.

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39.  Moharari RS, Khademhosseini P, Espandar R, et al. Intra-articular lidocaine versus intravenous meperidine/diazepam in anterior shoulder dislocation: a randomised clinical trial. Emerg Med J. 2008 May;25(5):262-4.

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40.  Kosnik J, Shamsa F, Raphael E, et al. Anesthetic methods for reduction of acute shoulder dislocations: a prospective randomized study comparing intraarticular lidocaine with intravenous analgesia and sedation. Am J Emerg Med. 1999 Oct;17(6):566-70.

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41.  Miller SL, Cleeman E, Auerbach J, et al. Comparison of intra-articular lidocaine and intravenous sedation for reduction of shoulder dislocations: a randomized, prospective study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002 Dec;84-A(12):2135-9.

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42.  O'Connor DR, Schwarze D, Fragomen AT, et al. Painless reduction of acute anterior shoulder dislocations without anesthesia. Orthopedics. 2006 Jun;29(6):528-32.

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43.  Kothari RU, Dronen SC. Prospective evaluation of the scapular manipulation technique in reducing anterior shoulder dislocations. Ann Emerg Med. 1992 Nov;21(11):1349-52.

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44.  Saragaglia D, Picard F, Le Bredonchel T, et al. Acute anterior instability of the shoulder: short- and mid-term outcome after conservative treatment [in French]. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot. 2001 May;87(3):215-20.

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45.  Sayegh FE, Kenanidis EI, Papavasiliou KA, et al. Reduction of acute anterior dislocations: a prospective randomized study comparing a new technique with the Hippocratic and Kocher methods. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009 Dec;91(12):2775-82.

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46.  Antonio GE, Griffith JF, Yu AB, et al. First-time shoulder dislocation: High prevalence of labral injury and age-related differences revealed by MR arthrography. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2007 Oct;26(4):983-91.

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47.  Tijmes J, Loyd HM, Tullos HS. Arthrography in acute shoulder dislocations. South Med J. 1979 May;72(5):564-7.

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48.  Smith TO, Donell S, Song F, et al. Surgical versus non-surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Feb 26;(2):CD008106.

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49.  Erickson BJ, Mascarenhas R, Sayegh ET, et al. Does operative treatment of first-time patellar dislocations lead to increased patellofemoral stability? A systematic review of overlapping meta-analyses. Arthroscopy. 2015 Jun;31(6):1207-15.

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50.  Shah JN, Howard JS, Flanigan DC, et al. A systematic review of complications and failures associated with medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction for recurrent patellar dislocation. Am J Sports Med. 2012 Aug;40(8):1916-23.

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51.  Krul M, van der Wouden JC, van Suijlekom-Smit LW, et al. Manipulative interventions for reducing pulled elbow in young children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jul 28;(7):CD007759.

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52.  Cohen MS, Hastings H 2nd. Acute elbow dislocation: evaluation and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1998 Jan-Feb;6(1):15-23.

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53.  Ross G, McDevitt ER, Chronister R, et al. Treatment of simple elbow dislocation using an immediate motion protocol. Am J Sports Med. 1999 May-Jun;27(3):308-11.

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54.  Arendt EA, Fithian DC, Cohen E. Current concepts of lateral patella dislocation. Clin Sports Med. 2002 Jul;21(3):499-519.

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55.  Sillanpää P, Mattila VM, Iivonen T, et al. Incidence and risk factors of acute traumatic primary patellar dislocation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008 Apr;40(4):606-11.

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56.  Stewart MJ, Milford LW. Fracture-dislocation of the hip; an end-result study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1954 Apr;36(A:2):315-42.

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57.  DeLee JC. Fractures and dislocations of the hip. In: Rockwood CA Jr, Green DP, Bucholz R, eds. Fractures in adults. Vol 2. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven; 1996:1756-1803.

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59.  Hovelius L. Anterior dislocation of the shoulder in teen-agers and young adults: five-year prognosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1987 Mar;69(3):393-9.

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60.  Kelley SP, Hinsche AF, Hossain JF. Axillary artery transection following anterior shoulder dislocation: classical presentation and current concepts. Injury. 2004 Nov;35(11):1128-32.

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61.  Mehlhoff TL, Noble PC, Bennett JB, et al. Simple dislocation of the elbow in the adult. Results after closed treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988 Feb;70(2):244-9.

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62.  Freiberg A, Pollard BA, Macdonald MR, et al. Management of proximal interphalangeal joint injuries. Hand Clin. 2006 Aug;22(3):235-42.

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63.  Failla JM. Irreducible thumb interphalangeal joint dislocation due to a sesamoid and palmar plate: a case report. J Hand Surg Am. 1995 May;20(3):490-91.

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64.  Sabapathy SR, Bose VC, Rex C. Irreducible dislocation of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb due to sesamoid bone interposition: a case report. J Hand Surg Am. 1995 May;20(3):487-9.

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65.  Matic GT, Magnussen RA, Kolovich GP, et al. Return to activity after medial patellofemoral ligament repair or reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2014 Aug;30(8):1018-25.

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66.  Atkin DM, Fithian DC, Marangi KS, et al. Characteristics of patients with primary acute lateral patellar dislocation and their recovery within the first 6 months of injury. Am J Sports Med. 2000 Jul-Aug;28(4):472-9.

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67.  Hougaard K, Thomsen PB. Traumatic posterior dislocation of the hip - prognostic factors influencing the incidence of avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1986;106(1):32-5.

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68.  Calandra JJ, Baker CL, Uribe J. The incidence of Hill-Sachs lesions in initial anterior shoulder dislocations. Arthroscopy. 1989;5(4):254-7.

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69.  Turkel SJ, Panio MW, Marshall JL, et al. Stabilizing mechanisms preventing anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981 Oct;63(8):1208-17.

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71.  Dimakopoulos P, Panagopoulos A, Kasimatis G, et al. Anterior traumatic shoulder dislocation associated with displaced greater tuberosity fracture: the necessity of operative treatment. J Orthop Trauma. 2007 Feb;21(2):104-12.

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72.  Hobgood ER, Khan SO, Field LD. Acute dislocations of the adult elbow. Hand Clin. 2008 Feb;24(1):1-7.

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73.  Nomura E, Inoue M, Kurimura M. Chondral and osteochondral injuries associated with acute patellar dislocation. Arthroscopy. 2003 Sep;19(7):717-21.

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