Baird G, Simonoff E, Pickles A, et al. Prevalence of disorders of the autistic spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP). Lancet. 2006;368:210-215.
Demicheli V, Rivetti A, Debalini MG, et al. Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(2):CD004407.
Anagnostou E, Zwaigenbaum L, Szatmari P, et al. Autism spectrum disorder: advances in evidence-based practice. CMAJ. 2014;186:509-519.
Le Couteur A, Haden G, Hammal D, et al. Diagnosing autistic spectrum disorders in pre-school children using two standardised assessment instruments: the ADI-R and the ADOS. J Autism Dev Disord. 2008;38:362-372.
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Assessment, diagnosis and interventions for autism spectrum disorders. June 2016. http://www.sign.ac.uk/ (last accessed 24 July 2017).
Parr J. Autism. BMJ Clin Evid. 2010;2010:0322.
Myers SM, Johnson CP; American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Children With Disabilities. Management of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. 2007;120:1162-1182.
McDougle CJ, Scahil L, Aman MG, et al. Risperidone for the core symptom domains of autism: results from the study by the autism network of the research units on pediatric psychopharmacology. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:1142-1148.
1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 2013.
2. World Health Organization. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: diagnostic criteria for research. 1993. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 22 July 2017).
3. Rogers SJ. Developmental regression in autistic spectrum disorders. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2004;10:139-143.
4. Parr JR, Le Couteur A, Baird G, et al. Early developmental regression in autism spectrum disorder: evidence from an international multiplex sample. J Autism Dev Disord. 2011;41:332-340.
6. Maskey M, Warnell F, Parr JR, et al. Emotional and behavioural problems in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2013;43:851-859.
7. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC: APA; 1994.
8. Fombonne E. The prevalence of autism. JAMA. 2003;289:87-89.
9. Baird G, Simonoff E, Pickles A, et al. Prevalence of disorders of the autistic spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP). Lancet. 2006;368:210-215.
10. Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network. Prevalence of autistic spectrum disorders: autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 14 sites, United States, 2002. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2007;56:12-28.
11. Shattuck PT. Diagnostic substitution and changing autism prevalence. Pediatrics. 2006;117:1438-1439.
12. Kim YS, Leventhal BL, Koh YJ, et al. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in a total population sample. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168:904-912.
13. Wood CL, Warnell F, Johnson M, et al. Evidence for ASD recurrence rates and reproductive stoppage from large UK ASD research family databases. Autism Res. 2015;8:73-81.
14. Hallmayer J, Cleveland S, Torres A, et al. Genetic heritability and shared environmental factors among twin pairs with autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68:1095-1102.
15. Carter MT, Scherer SW. Autism spectrum disorder in the genetics clinic: a review. Clin Genet. 2013;83:399-407.
16. O'Roak BJ, Vives L, Girirajan S, et al. Sporadic autism exomes reveal a highly interconnected protein network of de novo mutations. Nature. 2012;485:246-250.
17. Sanders SJ, Murtha MT, Gupta AR, et al. De novo mutations revealed by whole-exome sequencing are strongly associated with autism. Nature. 2012;485:237-241.
18. Jiang YH, Yuen RK, Jin X, et al. Detection of clinically relevant genetic variants in autism spectrum disorder by whole-genome sequencing. Am J Hum Genet. 2013;93:249-263.
19. Bailey A, Palferman S, Heavey L, et al. Autism: the phenotype in relatives. J Autism Dev Disord. 1998;28:369-392.
20. Abrahams BS, Geschwind DH. Advances in autism genetics: on the threshold of a new neurobiology. Nat Rev Genet. 2008;9:341-355.
21. Kemper TL, Bauman M. Neuropathology of infantile autism. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1998;57:645-652.
22. Courchesne E, Saitoh O, Townsend JP, et al. Cerebellar hypoplasia and hyperplasia in infantile autism. Lancet. 1994;343:63-64
23. Ozonoff S. Components of executive function deficits in autism and other disorders. In: Russel J, ed. Autism as an executive disorder. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 1997:179-211.
24. Frith U. Autism: explaining the enigma. Oxford, UK: Blackwell; 1989.
25. Baron-Cohen S. Mind blindness. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1995.
26. Folstein SE, Rutter M. Infantile autism: a genetic study of 21 twin pairs. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1977;18:297-321.
27. Bailey A, Le Couteur A, Gottesman I, et al. Autism as a strongly genetic disorder: evidence from a British twin study. Psychol Med. 1995;25:63-77.
28. Szatmari P, Jones MB, Zwaigenbaum L, et al. Genetics of autism: overview and new directions. J Autism Dev Disord. 1998;28:351-368.
29. Bolton P, Macdonald H, Pickles A, et al. A case-control family history study of autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1994;35:877-900.
30. Pinto D, Delaby E, Merico D, et al. Convergence of genes and cellular pathways dysregulated in autism spectrum disorders. Am J Hum Genet. 2014;94:677-694.
31. Cook EH Jr, Lindgren V, Leventhal BL, et al. Autism or atypical autism in maternally but not paternally derived proximal 15q duplication. Am J Hum Genet. 1997;60:928-934.
32. Smalley SL. Autism and tuberous sclerosis. J Autism Dev Disord. 1998;28:407-414.
33. Garg S, Green J, Leadbitter K, et al. Neurofibromatosis type 1 and autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics. 2013;132:e1642-e1648.
34. Warner G, Moss J, Smith P, et al. Autism characteristics and behavioural disturbances in ~ 500 children with Down's syndrome in England and Wales. Autism Res. 2014;7:433-441.
35. Demicheli V, Rivetti A, Debalini MG, et al. Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(2):CD004407.
36. Johnson CP, Myers SM; American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Children With Disabilities. Identification and evaluation of children with autistic spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. 2007;120:1183-1215.
37. Anagnostou E, Zwaigenbaum L, Szatmari P, et al. Autism spectrum disorder: advances in evidence-based practice. CMAJ. 2014;186:509-519.
38. Bailey A, Parr J. Implications of the broader phenotype for concepts of autism. Novartis Found Symp. 2003;251:26-35.
39. Magiati I, Tay XW, Howlin P. Cognitive, language, social and behavioural outcomes in adults with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review of longitudinal follow-up studies in adulthood. Clin Psychol Rev. 2014;34:73-86.
40. Taylor JL, Mailick MR. A longitudinal examination of 10-year change in vocational and educational activities for adults with autism spectrum disorders. Dev Psychol. 2014;50:699-708.
41. Volkmar F, Siegel M, Woodbury-Smith M, et al. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;53:237-257.
42. Lord C, Risi S, Lambrecht L, et al. The autism diagnostic observation schedule-generic: a standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2000;30:205-223.
43. Le Couteur A, Lord C Rutter M. The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (AD I-R). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services;. 2003.
45. Fombonne E. The epidemiology of autism: a review. Psychol Med. 1999;29:769-786.
46. Miller DT, Adam MP, Aradhya S, et al. Consensus statement: chromosomal microarray is a first-tier clinical diagnostic test for individuals with developmental disabilities or congenital anomalies. Am J Hum Genet. 2010;86:749-764.
47. Rutter M, Bailey A, Bolton P, et al. Autism and known medical conditions: myth and substance. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1994;35:311-22.
48. Bigler ED, Bocian M, et al. Head circumference and height in autism: a study by the Collaborative Program of Excellence in Autism. Am J Med Genet A. 2006;140:2257-2274.
49. Berument SK, Rutter M, Lord C, et al. Autism screening questionnaire: diagnostic validity. Br J Psych. 1999;175:444-451.
50. Chandler S, Charman T, Baird G, et al. Validation of the social communication questionnaire in a population cohort of children with autistic spectrum disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46:1324-1332.
51. Schopler E, Reichler RJ, DeVellis RF, et al. Toward objective classification of childhood autism: Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). J Autism Dev Disord. 1980;10:91-103.
52. Dumont-Mathieu T, Fein D. Screening for autism in young children: The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) and other measures. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2005;11:253-262.
53. Scott FJ, Baron-Cohen S, Bolton P, et al. The CAST (Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test): preliminary development of a UK screen for mainstream primary-school-age children. Autism. 2002;6:9-31.
54. Le Couteur A, Haden G, Hammal D, et al. Diagnosing autistic spectrum disorders in pre-school children using two standardised assessment instruments: the ADI-R and the ADOS. J Autism Dev Disord. 2008;38:362-372.
55. Filipek P, Accardo PG, Ashwal S, et al. Practice parameter: screening and diagnosis of autism: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Child Neurology Society. Neurology. 2000;55:468-479.
56. McPheeters ML, Weitlauf A, Vehorn A, et al.; US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for autism spectrum disorder in young children: a systematic evidence review for the US Preventive Services Task Force: evidence synthesis no. 129. February 2016. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org (last accessed 22 July 2017).
57. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Assessment, diagnosis and interventions for autism spectrum disorders. June 2016. http://www.sign.ac.uk/ (last accessed 24 July 2017).
58. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Challenging behaviour and learning disabilities: prevention and interventions for people with learning disabilities whose behaviour challenges. May 2015. https://www.nice.org.uk (last accessed 22 July 2017).
59. Howlin P, Magiati I, Charman T. Systematic review of early intensive behavioral interventions for children with autism. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2009;114:23-41.
60. Parr J. Autism. BMJ Clin Evid. 2010;2010:0322.
61. Charman T, Howlin P, Aldred C, et al. Research into early intervention for children with autism and related disorders: methodological and design issues. Report on a workshop funded by the Wellcome Trust, Institute of Child Health, London, UK, November 2001. Autism. 2003;7:217-225.
62. Myers SM, Johnson CP; American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Children With Disabilities. Management of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. 2007;120:1162-1182.
63. Oono IP, Honey EJ, McConachie H. Parent-mediated early intervention for young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(4):CD009774.
64. Weitlauf AS, McPheeters ML, Peters B, et al. Therapies for children with autism spectrum disorder: behavioral interventions update [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2014.
65. Eikeseth S, Smith T, Jahr E, et al. Intensive behavioral treatment at school for 4- to 7-year-old children with autism. A 1-year comparison controlled study. Behav Modif. 2002;26:49-68.
66. Eldevik S, Hastings RP, Hughes JC, et al. Meta-analysis of Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention for children with autism. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2009;38:439-450.
67. Dawson G, Rogers S, Munson J, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of an intervention for toddlers with autism: the Early Start Denver Model. Pediatrics. 2010;125:e17-e23.
68. McConachie H, Randle V, Hammal D, et al. A controlled trial of a training course for parents of children with suspected autistic spectrum disorder. J Pediatr. 2005;147:335-340.
69. Ozonoff S, Cathcart K. Effectiveness of a home program intervention for young children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 1998;28:25-32.
70. Kasari C, Gulsrud AC, Wong C, et al. Randomized controlled caregiver mediated joint engagement intervention for toddlers with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2010;40:1045-1056.
71. Green J, Charman T, McConachie H, et al; PACT Consortium. Parent-mediated communication-focused treatment in children with autism (PACT): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;375:2152-2160.
72. Bearss K, Johnson C, Smith T, et al. Effect of parent training vs parent education on behavioral problems in children with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;313:1524-1533.
73. Wetherby AM, Guthrie W, Woods J, et al. Parent-implemented social intervention for toddlers with autism: an RCT. Pediatrics. 2014;134:1084-1093.
74. Aldred C, Green J, Adams C. A new social communication intervention for children with autism: pilot randomised controlled treatment study suggesting effectiveness. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2004;45:1420-1430.
75. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Psychotropic medicines in people with learning disabilities whose behaviour challenges. January 2017. https://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 22 July 2017).
76. De Hert M, Dobbelaere M, Sheridan EM, et al. Metabolic and endocrine adverse effects of second-generation antipsychotics in children and adolescents: a systematic review of randomized, placebo controlled trials and guidelines for clinical practice. Eur Psychiatry. 2011;26:144-153.
77. McPheeters ML, Warren Z, Sathe N, et al. A systematic review of medical treatments for children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. 2011;127:1312-1321.
78. McCracken JT, McGough J, Shah B, et al. Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:314-321.
79. Shea S, Turgay A, Carroll A, et al. Risperidone in the treatment of disruptive behavioral symptoms in children with autistic and other pervasive developmental disorders. Pediatrics. 2004;114:e634-e641.
80. Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Autism Network. Risperidone treatment of autistic disorder: longer-term benefits and blinded discontinuation after 6 months. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:1361-1369.
81. McDougle CJ, Scahil L, Aman MG, et al. Risperidone for the core symptom domains of autism: results from the study by the autism network of the research units on pediatric psychopharmacology. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:1142-1148.
82. Aman MG, Arnold LE, McDougle CJ, et al. Acute and long-term safety and tolerability of risperidone in children with autism. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2005;15:869-884.
83. Hirsch LE, Pringsheim T. Aripiprazole for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(6):CD009043.
84. Kolevzon A, Mathewson KA, Hollander E. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in autism: a review of efficacy and tolerability. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67:407-414.
85. King BH, Hollander E, Sikich L, et al. Lack of efficacy of citalopram in children with autism spectrum disorders and high levels of repetitive behavior: citalopram ineffective in children with autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66:583-590.
86. Williams K, Brignell A, Randall M, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(8):CD004677.
87. Harfterkamp M, van de Loo-Neus G, Minderaa RB, et al. A randomized double-blind study of atomoxetine versus placebo for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012;51:733-741.
88. Rossignol DA, Frye RE. Melatonin in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011;53:783-792.
89. Gringras P, Gamble C, Jones AP, et al. Melatonin for sleep problems in children with neurodevelopmental disorders: randomised double masked placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2012;345:e6664.
90. Appleton RE, Jones AP, Gamble C, et al. The use of melatonin in children with neurodevelopmental disorders and impaired sleep: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study (MENDS). Health Technol Assess. 2012;16:i-239.
91. Chugani DC, Chugani HT, Wiznitzer M, et al; Autism Center of Excellence Network. Efficacy of low-dose buspirone for restricted and repetitive behavior in young children with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized trial. J Pediatr. 2016;170:45-53.e1-e4.
92. Scahill L, McCracken JT, King BH, et al.; Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Autism Network. Extended-release guanfacine for hyperactivity in children with autism spectrum disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172:1197-1206.
93. McDougle CJ, Scahill L, Aman MG, et al. Risperidone for the core symptom domains of autism: results from the study by the autism network of the research units on pediatric psychopharmacology. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:1142-1148.
94. Anderson LT, Campbell M, Adams P, et al. The effects of haloperidol on discrimination learning and behavioral symptoms in autistic children. J Autism Dev Disord. 1989;19:227-239.
95. Hollander E, Phillips A, Chaplin W, et al. A placebo controlled crossover trial of liquid fluoxetine on repetitive behaviors in childhood and adolescent autism. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005;30:582-589.
96. McDougle CJ, Naylor ST, Cohen DJ, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of fluvoxamine in adults with autistic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996;53:1001-1008.
97. Woodbury-Smith MR, Volkmar FR. Asperger syndrome. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;18:2-11.
98. Yoder P, Stone WL. A randomized comparison of the effect of two prelinguistic communication interventions on the acquisition of spoken communication in preschoolers with ASD. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2006;49:698-711.
99. Yoder P, Stone WL. Randomized comparison of two communication interventions for preschoolers with autistic spectrum disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2006;74:426-435.
100. Howlin P, Gordon RK, Pasco G, et al. The effectiveness of Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) training for teachers of children with autism: a pragmatic, group randomised controlled trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007;48:473-481.
101. Williams K, Wray JA, Wheeler DM. Intravenous secretin for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(4):CD003495.
102. Krishnaswami S, McPheeters ML, Veenstra-Vanderweela J. A systematic review of secretin for children with autism sprectrum disorders. Pediatrics. 2011;127:1322-1325.
103. Findling RL, Mankoski R, Timko K, et al. A randomized controlled trial investigating the safety and efficacy of aripiprazole in the long-term maintenance treatment of pediatric patients with irritability associated with autistic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75:22-30.
104. Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Autism Network. Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of methylphenidate in pervasive developmental disorders with hyperactivity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:1266-1274.
105. Rao PA, Beidel DC, Murray MJ. Social skills interventions for children with Asperger's syndrome or high-functioning autism: a review and recommendations. J Autism Dev Disord. 2008;38:353-361.
106. Paul R, Rubin E. Communication and its disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 1999;8:1-18.
107. Howlin P, Yates P. The potential effectiveness of social skills groups for adults with autism. Autism. 1999;3:299-307.
108. Gantman A, Kapp SK, Orenski K, et al. Social skills training for young adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders: a randomized controlled pilot study. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012;42:1094-1103.
109. Wolf JM, Tanaka JW, Klaiman C, et al. Specific impairment of face-processing abilities in children with autism spectrum disorder using the Let's Face It! skills battery. Autism Res. 2008;1:329-340.
110. Human Emotions, Cambridge University. Mind reading: the interactive guide to emotions. Cambridge: Human Emotions; 2002.
111. Tanaka JW, Wolf JM, Klaiman C, et al. Using computerized games to teach face recognition skills to children with autism spectrum disorder: the Let's Face It! program. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2010;51:944-952.
112. Taylor JL, McPheeters ML, Sathe NA, et al. A systematic review of vocational interventions for young adults with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. 2012;130:531-538.
113. Volkmar F, Cook EH Jr, Pomeroy J, et al. Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with autism and other pervasive developmental disorders: American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Working Group on Quality Issues. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38(Suppl):32S-54S.
114. Reynhout GC. Evaluation of the efficacy of Social Stories™ using three single subject metrics. Res Autism Spectrum Disord. 2011;5:885-900.
115. Karkhaneh M, Clark B, Ospina MB, et al. Social Stories™ to improve social skills in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review. Autism. 2010;14:641-662.
116. Owen R, Sikich L, Marcus RN, et al. Aripiprazole in the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autistic disorder. Pediatrics. 2009;124:1533-1540.
117. Varni JW, Handen BL, Corey-Lisle PK, et al. Effect of aripiprazole 2 to 15 mg/d on health-related quality of life in the treatment of irritability associated with autistic disorder in children: a post hoc analysis of two controlled trials. Clin Ther. 2012;34:980-992.
118. Jordan I, Robertson D, Catani M, et al. Aripiprazole in the treatment ofchallenging behaviour in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2012;223:357-360.
119. Cortese S, Castelnau P, Morcillo C, et al. Psychostimulants for ADHD-like symptoms in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Expert Rev Neurother. 2012;12:461-473.
120. Posey DJ, Aman MG, McCracken JT, et al. Positive effects of methylphenidate on inattention and hyperactivity in pervasive developmental disorders: an analysis of secondary measures. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;61:538-544.
121. Arnold LE, Aman MG, Cook AM, et al. Atomoxetine for hyperactivity in autism spectrum disorders: placebo-controlled crossover pilot trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;45:1196-1205.
122. Mahajan R, Bernal MP, Panzer R, et al. Clinical practice pathways for evaluation and medication choice for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. 2012;130(suppl 2):S125-S138.
123. Ooi YP, Lam CM, Sung M, et al. Effects of cognitive-behavioural therapy on anxiety for children with high-functioning autistic spectrum disorders. Singapore Med J. 2008;49:215-220.
124. Wood JJ, Drahota A, Sze K, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized, controlled trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2009;50:224-234.
125. Lang R, Regester A, Lauderdale S, et al. Treatment of anxiety in autism spectrum disorders using cognitive behaviour therapy: a systematic review. Dev Neurorehabil. 2010;13:53-63.
126. Geretsegger M, Elefant C, Mössler KA, et al. Music therapy for people with autism spectrum disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(6):CD004381.
127. Howlin P, Goode S. Outcome in adult life for people with autism and Asperger's syndrome. In: Volkmar FR, Goodyer IM, eds. Autism and pervasive developmental disorders. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1998.
128. Howlin P, Mawhood L, Rutter M. Autism and developmental receptive language disorder - a follow-up comparison in early adult life. II: Social, behavioural, and psychiatric outcomes. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2000;41:561-578.
129. Mawhood L, Howlin P, Rutter M. Autism and developmental receptive language disorder - a comparative follow-up in early adult life. I: cognitive and language outcomes. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2000;41:547-559.
130. Howlin P, Goode S, Hutton J, et al. Adult outcome for children with autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2004;45:212-229.
131. Schendel DE, Overgaard M, Christensen J, et al. Association of psychiatric and neurologic comorbidity with mortality among persons with autism spectrum disorder in a Danish population. JAMA Pediatr. 2016;170:243-250.
132. Ghirardi L, Brikell I, Kuja-Halkola R, et al. The familial co-aggregation of ASD and ADHD: a register-based cohort study. Mol Psychiatry. 2017 Feb 28 [Epub ahead of print].
133. Volkmar FR, Nelson DS. Seizure disorders in autism. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1990;29:127-129.
使用此内容应接受我们的免责声明。
BMJ临床实践的持续改进离不开您的帮助和反馈。如果您发现任何功能问题和内容错误,或您对BMJ临床实践有任何疑问或建议,请您扫描右侧二维码并根据页面指导填写您的反馈和联系信息*。一旦您的建议在我们核实后被采纳,您将会收到一份小礼品。
如果您有紧急问题需要我们帮助,请您联系我们。
邮箱:bmjchina.support@bmj.com
电话:+86 10 64100686-612
*您的联系信息仅会用于我们与您确认反馈信息和礼品事宜。
BMJ临床实践官方反馈平台