根据世界卫生组织 (World Health Organization, WHO) 数据,2013 年有 9 百万例结核新病例。[6]World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report. 2014. http://www.who.int (last accessed 16 December 2016).http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/137094/1/9789241564809_eng.pdf?ua=1据报告,结核所致年死亡人数可达 150 万人。[7]World Health Organization. Tuberculosis fact sheet. October 2015. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/ (last accessed 16 December 2016).http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/在英国,2013年有新发结核患者7892例(发病率12.3/10万)。[8]Public Health England. Tuberculosis in the UK: 2014 report. London: Public Health England; 2014.https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/360335/TB_Annual_report__4_0_300914.pdf
2013 年美国有 9582 例活动性结核病例被报告,其中有 21% 患有单独的肺外结核 (EPTB) 病。[9]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Reported tuberculosis in the United States, 2013. September 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/tb/ (last accessed 16 December 2016).http://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/reports/2013/default.htm肺外结核包括淋巴结核(占肺外结核40%),胸膜结核(占肺外结核20%),骨或关节结核(占肺外结核11%),腹膜结核(占肺外结核5%),脑膜结核(占肺外结核5%)和生殖泌尿结核(占肺外结核7%)。[10]Peto HM, Pratt RH, Harrington TA, et al. Epidemiology of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the United States, 1993-2006. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:1350-1357.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/49/9/1350.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19793000?tool=bestpractice.com在 2013 年结核病例总数中,出生在美国以外的患者占 65%。[9]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Reported tuberculosis in the United States, 2013. September 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/tb/ (last accessed 16 December 2016).http://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/reports/2013/default.htm在美国出生的患者中,结核发生率为 1.2/100,000,而在其他国家出生的患者中,结核发生率为 15.6/100,000。[9]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Reported tuberculosis in the United States, 2013. September 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/tb/ (last accessed 16 December 2016).http://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/reports/2013/default.htm美国出生的少数民族的结核患病率高于白人。[9]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Reported tuberculosis in the United States, 2013. September 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/tb/ (last accessed 16 December 2016).http://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/reports/2013/default.htm
在美国,肺外结核的高危因素有HIV感染,黑色人种,女性,低龄和合并肝硬化。[11]Gonzalez OY, Adams G, Teeter LD, et al. Extra-pulmonary manifestations in a large metropolitan area with a low incidence of tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2003;7:1178-1185.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14677893?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Yang Z, Kong Y, Wilson F, et al. Identification of risk factors for extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:199-205.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14699451?tool=bestpractice.com结核仍然是全世界死亡的主要原因,2012年,估计有130万人死于结核,仅次于传染病中的HIV/AIDS。2012 年全球大约三分之一的人群感染了结核杆菌,估计有 9 百万的活动性结核新病例。[6]World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report. 2014. http://www.who.int (last accessed 16 December 2016).http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/137094/1/9789241564809_eng.pdf?ua=1结核在 HIV 感染高患病率地区(如撒哈拉以南非洲)尤其具有灾难性。[13]Dye C. Global epidemiology of tuberculosis. Lancet. 2006;367:938-940.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16546542?tool=bestpractice.com
过去,结核性淋巴结炎被认为是儿童罹患疾病,但现在经常见于青中年成人。其在亚洲和黑人女性中还呈现增加的趋势。