世界卫生组织推荐了预防和控制登革热感染的策略,[1]World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Comprehensive guidelines for prevention and control of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever - revised and expanded edition. 2011 [internet publication].http://apps.searo.who.int/pds_docs/B4751.pdf?ua=1[2]World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. New edition. 2009 [internet publication].http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf 登革热疫区一般也建有自己的预防项目和计划。关键的预防方案是疾病监测以检测登革热疫情的发生。在登革热流行地区的社区应进行有关登革热病毒感染的教育,以识别症状和防止传染。
预防措施包括:[1]World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Comprehensive guidelines for prevention and control of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever - revised and expanded edition. 2011 [internet publication].http://apps.searo.who.int/pds_docs/B4751.pdf?ua=1
通常首选 N、N-二乙基间甲苯酰胺 (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide, DEET) 驱虫剂;但有数据支持使用派卡瑞丁 (picaridin) 作为二线驱虫剂。[47]Patel RV, Shaeer KM, Patel P, et al. EPA-registered repellents for mosquitoes transmitting emerging viral disease. Pharmacotherapy. 2016 Dec;36(12):1272-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27779781?tool=bestpractice.com
对媒介的监测和控制(例如,食蚊鱼和产内毒素细菌)及环境的管理(去除蚊子孳生地)同样重要。[27]Simmons CP, Farrar JJ, Nguyen VV, et al. Dengue. N Engl J Med. 2012 Apr 12;366(15):1423-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22494122?tool=bestpractice.com
全球有各种全球计划来测试转基因蚊子帮助终止登革热和其他疾病的传播。[48]Baldacchino F, Caputo B, Chandre F, et al. Control methods against invasive Aedes mosquitoes in Europe: a review. Pest Manag Sci. 2015 May 21. Pest Manag Sci. 2015 Nov;71(11):1471-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26037532?tool=bestpractice.com 在尼加拉瓜和墨西哥开展的一项关于采用不含化学药品的预防蚊虫产品的研究,发现社区动员可以增加控制登革热媒介物的效果。[49]Andersson N, Nava-Aguilera E, Arosteguí J, et al. Evidence based community mobilization for dengue prevention in Nicaragua and Mexico (Camino Verde, the Green Way): cluster randomized controlled trial. BMJ. 2015 Jul 8;351:h3267.http://www.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=26156323http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26156323?tool=bestpractice.com
2015 年 12 月,墨西哥批准了一种四价疫苗 (Dengvaxia®),这是全球批准的首个用于预防登革热的疫苗。它目前在 20 个国家/地区获得许可。该疫苗也称为 CYD-TDV,是一种重组活疫苗,已在多项 III 期研究中被评估。该疫苗获准用于在疫区居住的 9-45 岁人群,为 3 剂接种,分别在第 0、6 和 12 个月时接种。[50]World Health Organization. Immunization, vaccines and biologicals: questions and answers on dengue vaccines. April 2018 [internet publication].http://www.who.int/immunization/research/development/dengue_q_and_a/en/ 在亚太和拉丁美洲国家/地区开展了一项针对 35,000 多名 2-16 岁儿童的研究,该研究报告其在≥9 岁患者中的有效性 (65.6%) 和长期安全性(长达 3 年)。[51]Hadinegoro SR, Arredondo-García JL, Capeding MR, et al. Efficacy and long-term safety of a dengue vaccine inregions of endemic disease. N Engl J Med. 2015 Sep 24;373(13):1195-206.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1506223http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26214039?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,一项 Meta 分析发现,该疫苗在 2-16 岁儿童和青少年中只有中等效力,不过预计在成人中将有令人满意的效力。DENV4 的免疫原性最好,DENV1 的免疫原性低。据观察,疫苗对 DENV4 的效力为 60%,但对 DENV2 的效力较差。[52]Godói IP, Lemos LL, de Araújo VE, et al. CYD-TDV dengue vaccine: systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy, immunogenicity and safety. J Comp Eff Res. 2017 Mar;6(2):165-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28084784?tool=bestpractice.com
世界卫生组织的免疫战略咨询专家组 (Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization, SAGE) 建议,该疫苗只应用于通过合适的疫苗接种前筛查策略确定已经感染登革病毒(血清反应呈阳性)的人群。因为目前没有合适的床旁检测方法,所以这在实践中可能难以实现。该建议基于长期随访分析,分析发现,在首次接种疫苗后的最初 25 个月内,疫苗对血清反应呈阴性的患者效力较低,从首次接种后约 30 个月开始,血清反应呈阴性的患者住院和患严重登革热的风险增加。[53]World Health Organization. Immunization, vaccines and biologicals: revised SAGE recommendation on use of dengue vaccine. April 2018 [internet publication].http://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/dengue/revised_SAGE_recommendations_dengue_vaccines_apr2018/en/
其他候选疫苗目前正在临床开发中。[54]Torresi J, Ebert G, Pellegrini M. Vaccines licensed and in clinical trials for the prevention of dengue. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2017 May 4;13(5):1059-72.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5443395/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28281864?tool=bestpractice.com
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): dengue - prevention