感染登革热病毒后会启动宿主的免疫反应,而发病机制与这种免疫机制相关联。[22]Stephenson JR. Understanding dengue pathogenesis: implication for vaccine design. Bull World Health Organ. 2005 Apr;83(4):308-14.http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0042-96862005000400016&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=enhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15868023?tool=bestpractice.com 原发感染通常是良性的;然而,继发感染另一种血清型或多次感染不同血清型可能会导致严重感染,根据临床体征,可将这种严重感染分为:登革出血热 (dengue haemorrhagic fever, DHF) 、登革休克综合征 (dengue shock syndrome, DSS)。该疾病的潜伏期为 4-10 天。
由之前首次感染而产生的非中和性交叉反应抗体参与了抗体依赖的增强现象,这会增加病毒感染的负担。 单核巨噬细胞是病毒复制的主要场所,但是病毒也可以感染身体的其他组织,如肝脏,脑,胰腺和心脏。[23]Whitehorn J, Simmons CP. The pathogenesis of dengue. Vaccine. 2011 Sep 23;29(42):7221-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21781999?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Jessie K, Fong MY, Devi S, et al. Localization of dengue virus in naturally infected tissue, by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridation. J Infect Dis. 2004 Apr 15;189(8):1411-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15073678?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Weerakoon KG, Kularatne SA, Edussuriya DH, et al. Histopathological diagnosis of myocarditis in a dengue outbreak in Sri Lanka, 2009. BMC Res Notes. 2011 Jul 29;4:268.http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/4/268http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21798066?tool=bestpractice.com
抗原提呈树突状细胞,体液免疫反应和细胞免疫反应均与疾病的发病机理有关。 记忆性T细胞增殖和促炎性细胞因子的生产导致血管内皮细胞功能障碍,导致血浆外漏。 细胞因子如γ-干扰素,肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α,白介素-10浓度升高,一氧化氮和一些补体因子水平降低。 NS1是补体途径的调节剂,并可降低补体因子的水平。[23]Whitehorn J, Simmons CP. The pathogenesis of dengue. Vaccine. 2011 Sep 23;29(42):7221-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21781999?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Libraty DH, Young PR, Pickering D, et al. High circulating levels of the dengue virus nonstructural protein NS1 early in dengue illness correlate with development of dengue haemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis. 2002 Oct 15;186(8):1165-8.http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/186/8/1165.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12355369?tool=bestpractice.com 感染后,特异性交叉反应抗体,以及CD4+和CD8+T细胞在体内可保持数年。[2]World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. New edition. 2009 [internet publication].http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf
血管渗漏是DHF和DSS的标志,会导致红细胞比容增加,低白蛋白血症和胸腔积液或腹水的发生。 数据显示内皮层糖被的瞬间功能障碍会导致血管渗漏。[27]Simmons CP, Farrar JJ, Nguyen VV, et al. Dengue. N Engl J Med. 2012 Apr 12;366(15):1423-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22494122?tool=bestpractice.com 严重血小板减少和凝血障碍也会出现出血的倾向。[1]World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Comprehensive guidelines for prevention and control of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever - revised and expanded edition. 2011 [internet publication].http://apps.searo.who.int/pds_docs/B4751.pdf?ua=1[23]Whitehorn J, Simmons CP. The pathogenesis of dengue. Vaccine. 2011 Sep 23;29(42):7221-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21781999?tool=bestpractice.com
在急性感染中,血管内液损失导致组织灌流不足,会导致乳酸酸中毒,低血糖和低血钙症,最终导致多器官衰竭。[1]World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Comprehensive guidelines for prevention and control of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever - revised and expanded edition. 2011 [internet publication].http://apps.searo.who.int/pds_docs/B4751.pdf?ua=1 病毒的直接损害和继发的免疫损伤均可导致包括心肌炎,脑病,肝细胞坏死的多器官功能障碍。[1]World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Comprehensive guidelines for prevention and control of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever - revised and expanded edition. 2011 [internet publication].http://apps.searo.who.int/pds_docs/B4751.pdf?ua=1[24]Jessie K, Fong MY, Devi S, et al. Localization of dengue virus in naturally infected tissue, by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridation. J Infect Dis. 2004 Apr 15;189(8):1411-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15073678?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Weerakoon KG, Kularatne SA, Edussuriya DH, et al. Histopathological diagnosis of myocarditis in a dengue outbreak in Sri Lanka, 2009. BMC Res Notes. 2011 Jul 29;4:268.http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/4/268http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21798066?tool=bestpractice.com
由于来自母体的抗体可通过胎盘传递给婴儿,这会加重婴儿在首次感染中的免疫反应,因此婴儿可以在初次登革热感染中发展成严重的感染。[23]Whitehorn J, Simmons CP. The pathogenesis of dengue. Vaccine. 2011 Sep 23;29(42):7221-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21781999?tool=bestpractice.com
也可能出现基孔肯雅热和/或寨卡病毒合并感染。[28]Hajra A, Bandyopadhyay D, Hajra SK. Zika virus: a global threat to humanity: a comprehensive review andcurrent developments. N Am J Med Sci. 2016 Mar;8(3):123-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4821090/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27114968?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Villamil-Gómez WE, González-Camargo O, Rodriguez-Ayubi J, et al. Dengue, chikungunya and Zika co-infection in a patient from Colombia. J Infect Public Health. 2016 Sep-Oct;9(5):684-6.http://www.jiph.org/article/S1876-0341(15)00221-X/fulltext#sec0010http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26754201?tool=bestpractice.com 也可能出现疟疾合并感染。[30]Magalhães BM, Siqueira AM, Alexandre MA, et al. P. vivax malaria and dengue fever co-infection: a cross-sectional study in the Brazilian Amazon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014 Oct 23;8(10):e3239.http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003239http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25340346?tool=bestpractice.com
TNF-α (-308) 基因多态性与登革热易感性有关。[31]Santos AC, de Moura EL, Ferreira JM, et al. Meta-analysis of the relationship between TNF-α (-308G/A) and IL-10 (-819C/T) gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to dengue. Immunol Invest. 2017 Feb;46(2):201-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27982730?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Pabalan N, Chaisri S, Tabunhan S, et al. Associations of tumor necrosis factor-α-308 polymorphism with dengue infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Trop. 2017 Sep;173:17-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28495402?tool=bestpractice.com