登革热是一种法定报告疾病。在登革热流行地区,应尽快将怀疑或已证实的登革热感染病例报告给相关部门,以便采取适当的措施,防止登革热传播。[2]World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. New edition. 2009 [internet publication].http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf
早期诊断比较困难,因为临床表现和许多其他病毒和细菌感染类似。 如无实验室检查,重新出现的虫媒病毒感染(例如寨卡和基孔肯雅热病毒)在临床上无法与登革热相鉴别,但鉴别这些感染至关重要,因为它们可产生类似的症状,特别是在急性期内。
登革热患者可能无症状,或者仅表现为非特异性发热(病毒综合征)。当患者表现为登革出血热 (dengue haemorrhagic fever, DHF)/登革热休克综合征 (dengue shock syndrome, DSS) 时,可能难以将其与其他休克原因加以区分。因此,从感染第一天开始,实验室检查对诊断极其重要。患者出现发热、全身皮肤潮红以及白细胞和血小板减少时应考虑登革热。
感染早期正确诊断对治疗和预防并发症很重要。
病史
如果患者居住在登革热感染疫区或在过去 2 周内曾去过疫区,则应怀疑登革热。
潜伏期(4-10 天)过后,症状通常突然出现。 发热是感染的特征性表现。 经常是突然发作,峰值非常高,为 39.4°C 至 40.5°C(103°F 至 105°F)。 可以是两相,有弛张热或低热。 发热一般持续大约5到7天,并且可能导致幼儿的热性癫痫发作或谵妄。 快速退热提示登革热感染的患者即将进入感染的关键阶段。[2]World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. New edition. 2009 [internet publication].http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf[9]Teixeira MG, Barreto M. Diagnosis and management of dengue: clinical review. BMJ. 2009 Nov 18;339:b4338.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19923152?tool=bestpractice.com
疼痛常见,特别是背痛、关节痛、肌肉痛和骨痛。头痛也常见,通常是持续的头部前部痛。通常在几天内得到改善。眼球运动或对眼球施加极轻微的压力时有严重眶后疼痛也是一种常见表现。最常报告的症状是发热 (98%)、头痛 (76%)、不适 (76%) 和无力 (74%)。[13]Guo C, Zhou Z, Wen Z, et al. Global epidemiology of dengue outbreaks in 1990-2015: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2017 Jul 12;7:317.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5506197/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28748176?tool=bestpractice.com
也可能存在胃肠道症状(如厌食,恶心/呕吐,上腹不适/疼痛),嗜睡/躁动,虚脱,或头晕。 通常情况下,患者会诉食欲不振和/或味觉改变。 胃肠道症状,乏力,头晕可能在DHF中更明显。
通常无上呼吸道症状(如咳嗽,喉咙痛);然而,轻度感染患者可能存在此症状。
体格检查
在感染早期表现有面部,颈部和胸部皮肤的弥漫性潮红。 可发展成累及全身的斑丘疹或风疹样皮疹,通常在发热的第三或第四天。 对累及皮肤施压,潮红区域可褪色。[55]Premaratne R, Pathmeswaran A, Amarasekara ND, et al. A clinical guide for early detection of dengue fever and timing of investigations to detect patients likely to develop complications. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009 Feb;103(2):127-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18809191?tool=bestpractice.com 随病程皮疹逐渐消失,出现苍白区域岛。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 登革热患者中,在正常的皮肤岛间可见皮肤潮红。来自 S.A.M.Kularatne 教授收集的资料 [Citation ends].
出血征象包括瘀点、紫癜,或束臂试验阳性(通过充气使血压袖带处于收缩压和舒张压之间 5 分钟;如果前臂每平方英寸出现≥10 个瘀点,则试验为阳性)。 更显著的出血可表现为鼻衄,牙龈出血,呕血,黑便,阴道出血(育龄妇女),或从静脉穿刺部位出血。 这些迹象可发生于DF,也可发生于DHF。[1]World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Comprehensive guidelines for prevention and control of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever - revised and expanded edition. 2011 [internet publication].http://apps.searo.who.int/pds_docs/B4751.pdf?ua=1[2]World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. New edition. 2009 [internet publication].http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 束臂试验阳性,表现为似风疹的皮疹和瘀斑。来自 S.A.M.Kularatne 教授收集的资料 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 尸检标本显示肺出血。来自 S.A.M.Kularatne 教授收集的资料 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 尸检标本显示皮下出血。来自 S.A.M.Kularatne 教授收集的资料 [Citation ends].
可能出现肝肿大。 血浆渗漏是登革出血热的迹象,而这一临床证据包括腹水,体位性头晕或胸腔积液。[1]World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Comprehensive guidelines for prevention and control of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever - revised and expanded edition. 2011 [internet publication].http://apps.searo.who.int/pds_docs/B4751.pdf?ua=1[2]World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. New edition. 2009 [internet publication].http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf
循环衰竭(即,皮肤湿冷,脉搏细弱,脉压减小<20mmHg且舒张压下降,体位性血压下降>20mmHg,毛细血管再充盈时间>3秒,尿量减少)提示存在休克和支持DSS的诊断。[1]World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Comprehensive guidelines for prevention and control of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever - revised and expanded edition. 2011 [internet publication].http://apps.searo.who.int/pds_docs/B4751.pdf?ua=1[2]World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. New edition. 2009 [internet publication].http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf
非典型的表现和并发症不常见,临床情况取决于受累器官系统。[1]World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Comprehensive guidelines for prevention and control of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever - revised and expanded edition. 2011 [internet publication].http://apps.searo.who.int/pds_docs/B4751.pdf?ua=1 少数情况下,登革热感染可能伴有并发的菌血症。其危险因素可能包括严重的登革热感染、高龄和存在共病。[4]Trunfio M, Savoldi A, Viganò O, et al. Bacterial coinfections in dengue virus disease: what we know and what is still obscure about an emerging concern. Infection. 2017 Feb;45(1):1-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27448105?tool=bestpractice.com
感染分期
登革热感染有3个不同的时期。[2]World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. New edition. 2009 [internet publication].http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf
发热期的特点是突发高热,脱水,可持续2到7天。[2]World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. New edition. 2009 [internet publication].http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf
危急阶段的特征是血浆渗漏,出血,休克,器官损伤,持续约24至48小时。 它通常开始于退热时(虽然这并不总是发生),约为感染的第3至7天。 下面的警告迹象提示,登革热感染的患者即将进入感染的危急阶段:[2]World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. New edition. 2009 [internet publication].http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf[9]Teixeira MG, Barreto M. Diagnosis and management of dengue: clinical review. BMJ. 2009 Nov 18;339:b4338.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19923152?tool=bestpractice.com
腹部疼痛或压痛
持续呕吐
临床积液(例如腹水、胸膜腔积液)
黏膜出血
嗜睡/躁动
肝脏增大>2cm
实验室检测:血细胞比容增加和血小板减少
DHF或DSS患者会经历3个阶段,而DF患者会跳过危急期。[1]World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Comprehensive guidelines for prevention and control of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever - revised and expanded edition. 2011 [internet publication].http://apps.searo.who.int/pds_docs/B4751.pdf?ua=1[2]World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. New edition. 2009 [internet publication].http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf[56]Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka. Guidelines on management of dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever in children and adolescents: revised and expanded edition. November 2012 [internet publication].http://www.epid.gov.lk/web/images/pdf/Publication/gmdfca12.pdf
实验室检查
对于症状和体征提示登革热感染的患者,均应安排相应的实验室检查。具体的检查方法取决于当地哪种方法可行。在资源贫乏地区,通常没有实验室确诊检查,应安排基本的实验室检查(即全血细胞计数 [包括血细胞比容] 和肝功能检查 [LFT])。
这些试验的结果应根据临床表现谨慎解释。 例如,如果患者出现急性发热性疾病和皮肤潮红,并且来自一个登革热感染流行地区,那么感染登革热的概率高,基本的实验室检查结果可用于支持诊断。 然而,必要时要安排确诊性实验室检查,以排除可能的鉴别诊断。
初始实验室检查
对于有症状的患者应首先进行全血细胞计数(FBC)。 通常最早在发热第二天,就可出现白细胞及血小板减少。[1]World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Comprehensive guidelines for prevention and control of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever - revised and expanded edition. 2011 [internet publication].http://apps.searo.who.int/pds_docs/B4751.pdf?ua=1 白细胞减少,结合止血带试验阳性,在登革热流行地区阳性预测值为70%-80%。[57]Kalayanarooj S, Nimmanitya S, Suntayakorn S, et al. Can doctors make an accurate diagnosis of dengue infection at an early stage? Dengue Bull. 1999;23:1-9.http://apps.searo.who.int/pds_docs/B0638.pdf#page=7[58]Sawasdivorn S, Vibulvattanakit S, Sasavatpakdee M, et al. Efficacy of clinical diagnosis of dengue fever in paediatric age groups as determined by WHO case definition 1997 in Thailand. Dengue Bull. 2001;25:56-64.http://apps.searo.who.int/PDS_DOCS/B0223.pdf 白细胞减少(伴中性粒细胞减少)在整个发热期都存在。 在经典的DF,血小板减少通常轻微,但它也可能会很严重。[1]World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Comprehensive guidelines for prevention and control of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever - revised and expanded edition. 2011 [internet publication].http://apps.searo.who.int/pds_docs/B4751.pdf?ua=1
由于脱水,红细胞压积在登革热患者中可上升约10%。[1]World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Comprehensive guidelines for prevention and control of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever - revised and expanded edition. 2011 [internet publication].http://apps.searo.who.int/pds_docs/B4751.pdf?ua=1 肝功能检查通常是升高的,特别是丙氨酸和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶。[1]World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Comprehensive guidelines for prevention and control of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever - revised and expanded edition. 2011 [internet publication].http://apps.searo.who.int/pds_docs/B4751.pdf?ua=1 凝血实验对于诊断不是必需的,但对有出血倾向患者的治疗很有帮助。
DSS或DHF的实验室诊断依据包括:[1]World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Comprehensive guidelines for prevention and control of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever - revised and expanded edition. 2011 [internet publication].http://apps.searo.who.int/pds_docs/B4751.pdf?ua=1[2]World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. New edition. 2009 [internet publication].http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf
迅速发展,严重的血小板减少症
总白细胞和中性粒细胞减少,中性粒细胞对淋巴细胞比率改变
红细胞压积增高(即从基线增加20%是血浆渗漏的客观证据)
低白蛋白血症(即血清白蛋白<为35g/L[为3.5g/dL]提示血浆渗漏)
LFT 指标升高(即天冬氨酸氨基转移酶 [AST]:丙氨酸氨基转移酶 [ALT]>2)。
确诊性实验室检查
如果可行,应尽量安排确诊性实验室检查。[1]World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Comprehensive guidelines for prevention and control of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever - revised and expanded edition. 2011 [internet publication].http://apps.searo.who.int/pds_docs/B4751.pdf?ua=1[2]World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. New edition. 2009 [internet publication].http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf 这很重要,因为 DF 可能与许多非登革热疾病混淆。有4种类型的诊断测试可用于确定登革病毒感染:
检测方法的选择取决于许多因素,包括当地的可行性,成本,样品采集时间,现有设施,技术专业性。 虽然直接方法,如病毒核酸或病毒抗原检测更特异,但更昂贵,需要更多人力。 间接的方法(例如,血清学)特异性较差,但更方便,速度更快,成本更低。[2]World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. New edition. 2009 [internet publication].http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf 检测病毒核酸或抗原,加上抗体反应(血清学),优于任一单独方法。[2]World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. New edition. 2009 [internet publication].http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf 病毒核酸或病毒抗原检测主要用于疾病的前5天,血清学检验用于第五天之后。 一些测试可鉴定病毒血清型;然而,这对于临床治疗帮助不大。
在最初的病毒血症阶段是可以分离到病毒的;然而,仅部分地区可以进行病毒分离,且出结果的时间范围在临床上通常没有意义,所以一般不推荐这种检测。 一项研究表明,在发病的最初 10 天内,逆转录-聚合酶链反应 (RT-PCR)、血清学(单个血清样本)和 NS1 抗原检测可准确鉴别 90% 以上的原发性和继发性登革热病例。[59]Hunsperger EA, Muñoz-Jordán J, Beltran M, et al. Performance of dengue diagnostic tests in a single-specimen diagnostic algorithm. J Infect Dis. 2016 Sep 15;214(6):836-44.https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/infdis/jiw103http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26984143?tool=bestpractice.com
病毒抗原检测:
使用酶联免疫吸附测定 (ELISA) 或快速诊断试剂盒检测非结构蛋白 1 (non-structural protein 1, NS1) 有助于早期诊断,可以在发病第 1 至 5 天安排此项检查。[60]Lima Mda R, Nogueira RM, Schatzmayr HG, et al. Comparison of three commercially available dengue NS1 antigen capture assays for acute diagnosis of dengue in Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010 Jul 6;4(7):e738.http://www.plosntds.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0000738http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20625558?tool=bestpractice.com 可用血清标本。 阳性结果可确诊。
优点:容易执行;快速检测可在现场使用,并在几个小时内提供结果;可早期诊断,进而指导治疗。[2]World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. New edition. 2009 [internet publication].http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf
缺点:可能与病毒核酸检测一样敏感;然而,不能确定血清型。[2]World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. New edition. 2009 [internet publication].http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf
病毒核酸检测:
RT-PCR 是首选检测方法,可安排在出现发热后的前 5 天内进行。 组织,全血,血清或血浆样品都可以使用。 阳性结果可确诊。
优点:最敏感和特异性最高的检测方法,尤其是在早期感染阶段;可早期诊断,进而指导治疗;可以区分血清型。[2]World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. New edition. 2009 [internet publication].http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf
缺点:价格昂贵,需要实验室设施和专业知识,不快(24-48小时),不能区分原发和继发感染,污染可导致假阳性结果。[2]World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. New edition. 2009 [internet publication].http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf
血清学:
在疾病发生后前 5 天血清学检查结果可能为阴性;因而,IgM ELISA 和 IgG ELISA 是疾病发生 5 天后的首选检测(PCR 在疾病发生后的前 5 天更灵敏)。 在感染的前几天存在 IgG 强烈提示再次感染。 单份血清样本中 IgM 和 IgG 阳性高度提示登革热感染,而成对血清中 IgM 或 IgG 血清转换或成对血清中 IgG 滴度增加到 4 倍可确诊。[2]World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. New edition. 2009 [internet publication].http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf 全血,血清,或血浆样品都可以使用。
市售的IgM抗体快速检测简单易用;然而,和其他传染性病原体会发生交叉反应时其准确性较差,以及可发生自身免疫性疾病。
血凝抑制 (HI) 检测有助于诊断再次登革热感染(即滴度≥1:1280)。
优点:价格便宜,易于操作,在登革热流行地区可使用,可区分原发和继发感染(即IgM抗体:IgG抗体比<1.2表明继发感染)。[2]World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. New edition. 2009 [internet publication].http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf
缺点:相比其他测试诊断特异性较低,需要2个血清样本,确诊较晚。[2]World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. New edition. 2009 [internet publication].http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf
在妊娠中必须鉴别 DF 与寨卡病毒感染,因为已知后者能引起新生儿小头畸形。[61]Rasmussen SA, Jamieson DJ, Honein MA, et al. Zika virus and birth defects-reviewing the evidence for causality. N Engl J Med. 2016 May 19;374(20):1981-7.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsr1604338http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27074377?tool=bestpractice.com 因为寨卡病毒感染的表现与 DF(和基孔肯雅热)相似,如果怀疑寨卡病毒感染,可能需要特异性诊断检测。 美国食品药品监督管理局 (FDA) 已经发布了 Trioplex 实时 RT-PCR 检测方法的紧急使用许可。 医生可用这种检测判定患者是否感染登革热、寨卡或基孔肯雅热病毒,不必进行 3 种不同的检测。[62]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. New CDC laboratory test for Zika virus authorized for emergency use by FDA. March 2016 [internet publication].http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/s0318-zika-lab-test.html 这种检测的可用性因地区而异。
寨卡病毒、登革热病毒和其他黄病毒的 IgM 抗体具有很强的交叉反应,因此血清学检测可能产生假阳性结果。 因此,恢复期血清登革热 IgM 结果阳性、但登革热 IgG 结果阴性可能提示寨卡病毒感染。[63]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Revised diagnostic testing for Zika, chikungunya, and dengue viruses in US Public Health Laboratories [memorandum]. February 2016 [internet publication].http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/denvchikvzikv-testing-algorithm.pdf 曾有一例寨卡病毒感染患者报告登革热假阳性结果。[64]Gyurech D, Schilling J, Schmidt-Chanasit J, et al. False positive dengue NS1 antigen test in a traveller with an acute Zika virus infection imported into Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly. 2016 Feb 9;146:w14296.http://www.smw.ch/content/smw-2016-14296/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26859285?tool=bestpractice.com
新开发的泛-登革热病毒逆转录-绝缘等温式 PCR 检测 (RT-iiPCR) 联合核酸分析仪,可能在将来随时随地提供高度可靠、敏感和特异的诊断检测。[65]Go YY, Rajapakse RP, Kularatne SA, et al. A pan-dengue virus reverse transcription-insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction (RT-iiPCR) assay intended for point-of-need diagnosis of dengue infection using POCKITTM Nucleic Acid Analyzer. J Clin Microbiol. 2016 Jun;54(6):1528-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27030492?tool=bestpractice.com
影像学检查
怀疑DHF或DSS时,才需要影像学检查。 右侧卧位胸部透视可用于检测临床检测不到的早期胸腔积液。 腹部超声可用以检测腹水和血浆渗漏或腹部器官等病理改变,包括肝,胆(例如,水肿可能先于血浆渗漏),和肾脏。[1]World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Comprehensive guidelines for prevention and control of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever - revised and expanded edition. 2011 [internet publication].http://apps.searo.who.int/pds_docs/B4751.pdf?ua=1[2]World Health Organization, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. New edition. 2009 [internet publication].http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547871_eng.pdf
鉴别诊断
如无实验室检查,在临床上无法鉴别寨卡和基孔肯雅热病毒等重新出现的虫媒病毒感染与登革热。 美洲、西太平洋地区、东南亚地区和非洲的寨卡病毒感染暴发持续出现,包括美国和欧洲在内的许多国家/地区都有病例报告。 因为它与登革热病毒的媒介物相同,所以可能合并感染。[28]Hajra A, Bandyopadhyay D, Hajra SK. Zika virus: a global threat to humanity: a comprehensive review andcurrent developments. N Am J Med Sci. 2016 Mar;8(3):123-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4821090/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27114968?tool=bestpractice.com 也可能出现基孔肯雅热(或同时联合基孔肯雅热和寨卡病毒)的合并感染。[29]Villamil-Gómez WE, González-Camargo O, Rodriguez-Ayubi J, et al. Dengue, chikungunya and Zika co-infection in a patient from Colombia. J Infect Public Health. 2016 Sep-Oct;9(5):684-6.http://www.jiph.org/article/S1876-0341(15)00221-X/fulltext#sec0010http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26754201?tool=bestpractice.com
鉴别登革热、基孔肯雅热和寨卡病毒感染至关重要,因为这 3 种疾病可产生类似的症状,特别是在急性期内。 世界卫生组织已推出一款工具,帮助医生鉴别这 3 种疾病。[66]Pan American Health Organization; World Health Organization. Tool for the diagnosis and care of patients with suspected arboviral diseases. March 2017 [internet publication].http://iris.paho.org/xmlui/handle/123456789/33895
还应考虑疟疾感染(或合并感染)。 黄疸(在登革热患者中)和自发性出血(在疟疾患者中)应该引起对合并感染的怀疑。[30]Magalhães BM, Siqueira AM, Alexandre MA, et al. P. vivax malaria and dengue fever co-infection: a cross-sectional study in the Brazilian Amazon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014 Oct 23;8(10):e3239.http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003239http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25340346?tool=bestpractice.com
风险预测工具
目前已提出多种预测登革热严重程度的方法;然而,由于患者群体的差异以及登革热严重程度临床定义的差异,没有一种方法在临床实践中得到采用。 这些工具在获得外部验证之前,不建议将其用于临床实践。[67]Nguyen MT, Ho TN, Nguyen VV, et al. An evidence-based algorithm for early prognosis of severe dengue in the outpatient setting. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Mar 1;64(5):656-63.https://academic.oup.com/cid/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/cid/ciw863http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28034883?tool=bestpractice.com
静脉穿刺和抽血的动画演示