多数人(高达60%)感染贝氏柯克斯体无症状。[2]Hartzell JD, Wood-Morris RN, Martinez LJ, et al. Q fever: Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83:574-579.http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(11)60733-7/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18452690?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Maurin M, Raoult D. Q fever. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999;12:518-553.http://cmr.asm.org/content/12/4/518.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10515901?tool=bestpractice.com多数患者症状轻微且多为自限性,一般2周内自行缓解。[5]Maurin M, Raoult D. Q fever. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999;12:518-553.http://cmr.asm.org/content/12/4/518.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10515901?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Parker NR, Barralet JH, Bell AM. Q fever. Lancet. 2006;367:679-688.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16503466?tool=bestpractice.com然而,有症状的患者应口服抗生素治疗 14-21 天。心内膜炎和其他持续性局灶性感染需要长期使用抗生素治疗。如果不治疗心内膜炎,高达 65% 的患者可死于该疾病。[1]Marrie TJ, Raoult D. Coxiella burnetii. In Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone; 2005.[2]Hartzell JD, Wood-Morris RN, Martinez LJ, et al. Q fever: Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83:574-579.http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(11)60733-7/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18452690?tool=bestpractice.com在心内膜炎患者中长期联合治疗(多西环素加羟氯喹),5 年死亡率低于 5%。[74]Million M, Thuny F, Richet H, et al. Long-term outcome of Q fever endocarditis: a 26-year personal survey. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10:527-535.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20637694?tool=bestpractice.com
急性感染
多数患者症状轻微且多为自限性,一般持续2-14天。无瓣膜病变的急性感染患者,如在就诊前无症状,不建议治疗。然而,如果患者有症状,抗生素治疗可缩短病程。口服多西环素是建议的治疗,因为它是对贝氏柯克斯体感染最有效的抗生素,已经证明可降低住院治疗率。[58]Drancourt M, Raoult D, Xeridat B, et al. Q fever meningoencephalitis in five patients. Eur J Epidemiol. 1991;7:134-138.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2044709?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Dijkstra F, Riphagen-Dalhuisen J, Wijers N, et al. Antibiotic therapy for acute Q fever in The Netherlands in 2007 and 2008 and its relation to hospitalization. Epidemiol Infect. 2011;139:1332-1341.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21087542?tool=bestpractice.com如果患者不能耐受多西环素,则可以使用其他抗生素(例如喹诺酮类药物或甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑)。[2]Hartzell JD, Wood-Morris RN, Martinez LJ, et al. Q fever: Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83:574-579.http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(11)60733-7/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18452690?tool=bestpractice.com患者应卧床休息且多饮水。镇咳药可用于咳嗽,但不推荐使用对乙酰氨基酚或非甾体抗炎药 (NSAIDs) 治疗发热和不适,因为对乙酰氨基酚可能加重肝脏受累,NSAIDs 能够加重感染。
在急性感染患者中,高水平 IgG 抗心磷脂 (aCL) 抗体(即:≥75 GPLU [G 抗心磷脂单位])与瓣膜病变、[69]Million M, Raoult D. The pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:2335.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23758255?tool=bestpractice.com赘生物(在急性心内膜炎中)、[9]Million M, Thuny F, Bardin N, et al. Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome with valvular vegetations in acute Q fever. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62:537-544.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26585519?tool=bestpractice.com和进展为慢性心内膜炎和血栓形成相关。[7]Ordi-Ros J, Selva-O'Callaghan A, Monegal-Ferran F, et al. Prevalence, significance, and specificity of antibodies to phospholipids in Q fever. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;18:213-218.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8161629?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Million M, Walter G, Bardin N, et al. Immunoglobulin G anticardiolipin antibodies and progression to Q fever endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:57-64.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/1/57.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23532474?tool=bestpractice.com免疫调节药物羟氯喹能够预防抗磷脂抗体的致血栓效应,[76]Schmidt-Tanguy A, Voswinkel J, Henrion D, et al. Antithrombotic effects of hydroxychloroquine in primary antiphospholipid syndrome patients. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11:1927-1929.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23902281?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Espinola RG, Pierangeli SS, Gharavi AE, et al. Hydroxychloroquine reverses platelet activation induced by human IgG antiphospholipid antibodies. Thromb Haemost. 2002;87:518-522.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11916085?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Edwards MH, Pierangeli S, Liu X, et al. Hydroxychloroquine reverses thrombogenic properties of antiphospholipid antibodies in mice. Circulation. 1997;96:4380-4384.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/96/12/4380.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9416907?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Belizna C. Hydroxychloroquine as an anti-thrombotic in antiphospholipid syndrome. Autoimmun Rev. 2015;14:358-362.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25534016?tool=bestpractice.com因而可降低发生抗磷脂抗体和狼疮抗凝物持续阳性的风险。[80]Nuri E, Taraborelli M, Andreoli L, et al. Long-term use of hydroxychloroquine reduces antiphospholipid antibodies levels in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Immunol Res. 2016 Jul 13 [Epub ahead of print].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27406736?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Broder A, Putterman C. Hydroxychloroquine use is associated with lower odds of persistently positive antiphospholipid antibodies and/or lupus anticoagulant in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2013;40:30-33.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3768146/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22859353?tool=bestpractice.com因此,建议多西环素加羟氯喹联合治疗用于 IgG aCL 抗体≥ 75 GPLU 的患者。应当给予患者这种联合治疗,直到 IgG aCL 抗体水平下降到<75 GPLU。已知患有葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶 (G6PD) 缺乏症的患者不应当接受羟氯喹治疗。
在急性感染伴有严重瓣膜病变的患者中,心内膜炎的风险非常高,如果不治疗,可能致命。在这些患者中,建议使用多西环素加羟氯喹联合治疗,实施抗生素预防,疗程为 12 个月。一项研究发现,这种联合治疗对于预防此类有风险患者的心内膜炎非常有效。[12]Million M, Walter G, Thuny F, et al. Evolution from acute Q fever to endocarditis is associated with underlying valvulopathy and age and can be prevented by prolonged antibiotic treatment. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:836-844.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/6/836.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23794723?tool=bestpractice.com这种预防还建议用于有血管移植或动脉瘤病史并且急性感染期间 18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖 (FDG) PET/CT 扫描阴性的患者。
急性感染伴有重度免疫缺陷患者(例如移植患者、接受化疗或皮质类固醇治疗的患者、HIV 感染并且 CD4+ T 细胞<200 的患者以及血液系统恶性疾病患者)发生持续性局灶性感染(例如心内膜炎)的风险高。[82]Fenollar F, Fournier PE, Carrieri MP, et al. Risks factors and prevention of Q fever endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:312-316.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/33/3/312.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11438895?tool=bestpractice.com建议对这些患者单独使用多西环素。不建议将羟氯喹用于这些患者。在长期免疫缺陷患者中,建议长期使用多西环素,因为在免疫功能受损患者中,原发感染后几个月,感染可能复发。
一些药物(如多西环素、喹诺酮类)不建议对孕妇使用。甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑长期(≥5 周)治疗,可以预防产科并发症,包括胎儿宫内死亡、自然流产和早产。[83]Anderson A, Bijlmer H, Fournier PE, et al. Diagnosis and management of Q fever - United States, 2013: recommendations from CDC and the Q Fever Working Group. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2013;62:1-30.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6203a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23535757?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Carcopino X, Raoult D, Bretelle F, et al. Managing Q fever during pregnancy: the benefits of long term cotrimoxazole therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:548-555.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/5/548.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17682987?tool=bestpractice.com对甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑过敏的孕妇可使用阿奇霉素作为替代治疗。[85]Cerar D, Karner P, Avsic-Zupanc T, et al. Azithromycin for acute Q fever in pregnancy. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2009;121:469-472.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19657611?tool=bestpractice.com分娩后,应当评估患有急性感染的产妇是否有持续性局灶性感染的风险并给以相应处理。
贝氏柯克斯体可见于母亲乳汁;因而,不建议受感染患者进行母乳喂养。为了确认是否应当终止母乳喂养,可以对母亲乳汁进行贝氏柯克斯体 PCR 检查。
持续性局灶性感染
常见的持续性局灶性感染包括心内膜炎(60% 至 80% 的病例)[2]Hartzell JD, Wood-Morris RN, Martinez LJ, et al. Q fever: Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83:574-579.http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(11)60733-7/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18452690?tool=bestpractice.com和血管感染(例如:动脉瘤、血管假体感染)。对于心内膜炎,建议的治疗是口服多西环素加羟氯喹;在自体瓣膜心内膜炎患者中,连续服用 18 个月,在人工瓣膜心内膜炎或异物相关性贝氏柯克斯体心内膜炎(例如来自心血管可植入电子设备/起搏器)患者中,连续治疗 24 个月。[20]Raoult D, Tissot-Dupont H, Foucault C, et al. Q fever 1985-1998: clinical and epidemiologic features of 1,383 infections. Medicine. 2000;79:109-123.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10771709?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Parker NR, Barralet JH, Bell AM. Q fever. Lancet. 2006;367:679-688.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16503466?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Million M, Thuny F, Richet H, et al. Long-term outcome of Q fever endocarditis: a 26-year personal survey. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10:527-535.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20637694?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Hartzell JD, Wood-Morris RN, Martinez LJ, et al. Q fever: Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83:574-579.http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(11)60733-7/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18452690?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Anderson A, Bijlmer H, Fournier PE, et al. Diagnosis and management of Q fever - United States, 2013: recommendations from CDC and the Q Fever Working Group. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2013;62:1-30.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6203a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23535757?tool=bestpractice.com对于血流动力学受损的所有感染性心内膜炎患者,均应当考虑瓣膜置换术。如果缺乏良好的血清学结果(即:在第 1 年时 I 相 IgG 稀释滴度降低一半并且不存在 II 相 IgM),应当延长抗生素治疗。[74]Million M, Thuny F, Richet H, et al. Long-term outcome of Q fever endocarditis: a 26-year personal survey. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10:527-535.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20637694?tool=bestpractice.com在这种情况下,应当继续观察,重复测量药物浓度,确认达到治疗性药物浓度。如果达到了治疗性药物浓度但血清学结果没有改善,应当寻求专家观点。
I 相 IgG 水平低至 1:200 的重度心脏瓣膜病患者(一般见于心外科病房)也可能会诊断出心内膜炎。[14]Grisoli D, Million M, Edouard S, et al. Latent Q fever endocarditis in patients undergoing routine valve surgery. J Heart Valve Dis. 2014;23:735-743.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25790621?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Edouard S, Million M, Lepidi H, et al. Persistence of DNA in a cured patient and positive culture in cases with low antibody levels bring into question diagnosis of Q fever endocarditis. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51:3012-3017.http://jcm.asm.org/content/51/9/3012.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23850956?tool=bestpractice.com在这种特殊情况下(即:心脏手术和血管手术,并且血清学检查滴度非常低,在 1:200 至 1:400 之间),即使缺乏感染症状或缺乏阳性 PCR 结果,也必须治疗心内膜炎和血管感染,因为如果不治疗,死亡风险很高。
如果患者有植入的人工起搏器设备,[86]Oteo JA, Pérez-Cortés S, Santibáñez P, et al. Q fever endocarditis associated with a cardiovascular implantable electronic device. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18:E482-E484.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1198743X14607618http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22967271?tool=bestpractice.com建议进行 18F-FDG PET/CT 扫描。如果扫描显示起搏器设备上的 FDG 摄取率高,应当在完成多西环素加羟氯喹联合治疗后 1 个月更换起搏器囊袋。如果扫描显示腔内导联上的 FDG 摄取率高,不需要立即取出;应当在治疗 2 个月后复查 18F-FDG PET/CT 扫描。如果这次扫描持续存在 FDG 摄取率高,需要咨询专家意见。
血管感染是 贝氏柯克斯体感染治疗中非常重要的挑战,因为抗生素不能预防血管破裂。在没有血管假体材料的患者中,对于血管感染,建议的治疗是口服多西环素加羟氯喹,连续 18 个月,或对于有血管假体材料的患者,连续治疗 24 个月,并且在治疗 3 至 4 周后(除非需要紧急手术),手术取出受感染的瓣膜组织或受感染的血管假体材料。手术可改善预后;[87]Eldin C, Mailhe M, Lions C, et al. Treatment and prophylactic strategy for Coxiella burnetii infection of aneurysms and vascular grafts: a retrospective cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95:e2810.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4998359/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27015164?tool=bestpractice.com因此,需要常规手术切除受感染的血管组织/假体材料。[87]Eldin C, Mailhe M, Lions C, et al. Treatment and prophylactic strategy for Coxiella burnetii infection of aneurysms and vascular grafts: a retrospective cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95:e2810.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4998359/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27015164?tool=bestpractice.com
在伴有贝氏柯克斯体心内膜炎或血管感染的重度免疫功能受损患者(例如移植患者、接受化疗或皮质类固醇治疗的患者、HIV 感染并且 CD4+ T 细胞<200 的患者或血液系统恶性疾病患者)中,建议长期使用多西环素单药治疗。
对于所有持续性局灶性感染和有瓣膜病变的急性感染,每月血清学和药物监测具有重大意义,与治疗成功相关。[88]Rolain JM, Mallet MN, Raoult D. Correlation between serum doxycycline concentrations and serologic evolution in patients with Coxiella burnetii endocarditis. J Infect Dis. 2003;188:1322-1325.http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/188/9/1322.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14593588?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Rolain JM, Boulos A, Mallet MN, et al. Correlation between ratio of serum doxycycline concentration to MIC and rapid decline of antibody levels during treatment of Q fever endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:2673-2676.http://aac.asm.org/content/49/7/2673.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15980335?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Lecaillet A, Mallet MN, Raoult D, et al. Therapeutic impact of the correlation of doxycycline serum concentrations and the decline of phase I antibodies in Q fever endocarditis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;63:771-774.http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/63/4/771.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19218274?tool=bestpractice.com多西环素浓度应当维持在 5 至 10 mg/L,羟氯喹应当维持在 0.8 至 1.2 mg/L。治疗失败和复发的主要原因是缺乏每月药物监测、血浆中的药物浓度不足以及在血管感染患者中没有实施手术。