人类非洲锥虫病(HAT)被认为在未经治疗的情况下会变得致命,但是该病的治疗方法具有显著的疗效。 此病有可能复发,复发的频率取决于所使用的药物,且因地区而异,某些地区的疫源地使用美拉胂醇治疗的复发率最高可达 60%。[164]Robays J, Nyamowala G, Sese C, et al. High failure rates of melarsoprol for sleeping sickness, Democratic Republic of Congo. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 Jun;14(6):966-7.http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/14/6/07-1266_article.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18507916?tool=bestpractice.com[165]Legros D, Evans S, Maiso F, et al. Risk factors for treatment failure after melarsoprol for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis in Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1999 Jul-Aug;93(4):439-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10674099?tool=bestpractice.com
仅限对有症状的患者进行治疗结局评估,包括脑脊液 (CSF) 检查。[2]World Health Organization. Control and surveillance of human African trypanosomiasis. Technical Report Series 984. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2013.http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/95732/1/9789241209847_eng.pdf?ua=1 治疗结束后的 24 个月内锥虫再现被认为是疾病复发,而非再度感染。[166]World Health Organization. Epidemiology and control of African trypanosomiasis. WHO Technical Report Series 739. 1986 [internet publication].http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/40346/1/WHO_TRS_739.pdf 临床试验设有 18 个月的随访期,以评估药物的疗效。[167]World Health Organization. Recommendations of the informal consultation on issues for clinical product development for human African trypanosomiasis. Geneva: WHO; 2007.http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/69727/1/WHO_CDS_NTD_IDM_2007.1_eng.pdf 因此,患者应进行 24 个月的随访,以评估治愈效果。 根据寄生虫学诊断和脑脊液指标分析确定随访期。
冈比亚锥虫病
此病是一种慢性病,从感染进展到 I 期,再到晚期,直至最后因并发症死亡,需要数月至数年(感染、损害健康的状况、心脏疾病、神经系统疾病)。[45]Checchi F, Filipe JA, Haydon DT, et al. Estimates of the duration of the early and late stage of gambiense sleeping sickness. BMC Infect Dis. 2008 Feb 8;8:16.http://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-8-16http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18261232?tool=bestpractice.com I 期疾病采用喷他脒治疗具有良好的安全性和有效性,致死率较低(<0.5%),治愈率较高(约 95%)。[141]Balasegaram M, Harris S, Checchi F, et al. Treatment outcomes and risk factors for relapse in patients with early-stage human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) in the Republic of the Congo. Bull World Health Organ. 2006 Oct;84(10):777-82.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17128357?tool=bestpractice.com
II 期疾病治疗方案的疗效因地区和所使用的药物而异(治愈率为 70~95%),致死率相对较高(0.15~10%,具体取决于所使用的药物)。 依氟鸟氨酸治疗的死亡率为 0.7-2%,治愈率约为 90%,但在某些地区(刚果民主共和国 [DRC] 的开赛省),治愈率正在下降(80%)。[147]Chappuis F, Udayraj N, Stietenroth K, et al. Eflornithine is safer than melarsoprol for the treatment of second-stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense human African trypanosomiasis. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Sep 1;41(5):748-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16080099?tool=bestpractice.com 经证明,尽管联合使用硝呋莫司和依氟鸟氨酸进行治疗的死亡率较低 (0.15%-0.5%),但是在疗效方面的数据仍然很少。[148]Alirol E, Schrumpf D, Amici Heradi J, et al. Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy for second-stage Gambiense human African trypanosomiasis: Médecins sans Frontières experience in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Jan;56(2):195-203.https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/56/2/195/318180/Nifurtimox-Eflornithine-Combination-Therapy-forhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23074318?tool=bestpractice.com[168]Franco JR, Simarro PP, Diarra A, et al. Monitoring the use of nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy (NECT) in the treatment of second stage gambiense human African trypanosomiasis. Res Rep Trop Med. 2012;1:93-101.http://www.dovepress.com/monitoring-the-use-of-nifurtimox-eflornithine-combination-therapy-nect-peer-reviewed-article-RRTM 美拉胂醇的死亡率较高(3-10%),疗效因人而异。治疗失败率近年来有所升高,刚果民主共和国某些地区的治疗失败率达到 59%。
仅限有症状的患者进行治疗效果评估。 但凡寄生虫再次出现,或脑脊液指标改变,患者即被视为病情复发。[2]World Health Organization. Control and surveillance of human African trypanosomiasis. Technical Report Series 984. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2013.http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/95732/1/9789241209847_eng.pdf?ua=1
罗得西亚锥虫病
此病是一种急性病,从感染进展到 I 期,再到晚期,直至最后因并发症死亡,仅需要数周时间(心脏疾病或神经系统疾病、感染)。[169]Fèvre EM, Coleman PG, Welburn SC, et al. Reanalyzing the 1900-1920 sleeping sickness epidemic in Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Apr;10(4):567-73.http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/10/4/02-0626_article.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15200843?tool=bestpractice.com I 期疾病采用苏拉明治疗具有良好的安全性和有效性,致死率较低(<0.5%),治愈率较高(约 95%)。[170]Fairlamb AH. Chemotherapy of human African trypanosomiasis: current and future prospects. Trends Parasitol. 2003 Nov;19(11):488-94.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14580959?tool=bestpractice.com I 期疾病采用美拉胂醇治疗的疗效较高(治愈率为 90-97%),但是致死率相对较高(5-10%)。[136]Pepin J, Milord F. The treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. Adv Parasitol. 1994;33:1-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8122565?tool=bestpractice.com 应对症状复发的患者进行治疗效果评估。 但凡寄生虫再次出现,或脑脊液指标改变,患者即被视为病情复发。[2]World Health Organization. Control and surveillance of human African trypanosomiasis. Technical Report Series 984. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2013.http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/95732/1/9789241209847_eng.pdf?ua=1