紧急治疗的主要目标包括:终止发作活动及气道保护。与其他任何急诊情况相似,患者管理首先应进行基础生命支持措施。在必要情况下,应确保患者气道畅通,并通过鼻套管或非再呼吸式面罩提供 100% 纯氧。应监测包括体温及血压在内的生命体征。
应建立静脉注射通道,并将血液送检,进行肝功能、肾功能、电解质、钙、磷、镁、全血细胞计数、毒理学及血清抗惊厥药物水平检测。[43]Treiman DM. Treatment of convulsive status epilepticus. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2007;81:273-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17433931?tool=bestpractice.com 应测量血糖水平,若担心维生素 B1 缺乏及血糖过低(例如,疑似酒精滥用情况)则在血糖检查之后给予维生素 B1。[44]Kalviainen R, Eriksson K, Parviainen I. Refractory generalised convulsive status epilepticus: a guide to treatment. CNS Drugs. 2005;19(9):759-68.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16142991?tool=bestpractice.com 应获取下述结果:ECG、经脉搏血氧测定法确定的氧合状态及动脉血气分析。对于严重酸中毒病例,应使用碳酸氢盐治疗。[43]Treiman DM. Treatment of convulsive status epilepticus. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2007;81:273-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17433931?tool=bestpractice.com
静脉劳拉西泮最常被用于初始治疗中。或者,若患者无静脉通道,则可使用直肠地西泮。鼻内咪达唑仑是另一种治疗选择。[45]Sirsi D. Is intranasal midazolam better than rectal diazepam for home management of acute seizures? Arch Neurol. 2011 Jan;68(1):120-1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21220683?tool=bestpractice.com 若苯二氮䓬类药物无法停止发作,则可尝试使用苯妥英或磷苯妥英。
在产生 GTCS 之后,基础治疗方法取决于确定的发作病因。[46]Krumholz A, Wiebe S, Gronseth GS, et al. Evidence-based guideline: management of an unprovoked first seizure in adults. Neurology. 2015 Apr 21;84(16):1705-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4409581/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25901057?tool=bestpractice.com 对于诱因已经确定并且已得到纠正的一次性发作事件,无需针对癫痫进行特异性治疗。对于无诱因病例,根据确定的某种癫痫综合征,既往史/体格检查、脑电图 (EEG) 及磁共振成像 (MRI) 的结果通常可指导治疗决策制定。在所有检查均正常的病例中,无需针对单次发作事件进行治疗。对首次无诱因癫痫发作的治疗可降低后续癫痫发作的风险,但长期来看,对缓解患者所占比例无影响。[47]Leone MA, Giussani G, Nolan SJ, et al. Immediate antiepileptic drug treatment, versus placebo, deferred, or no treatment for first unprovoked seizure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(5):CD007144.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007144.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27150433?tool=bestpractice.com [ ]How does immediate antiepileptic drug treatment compare with placebo, deferred, or no treatment in people with first unprovoked seizure?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1504/full显示答案 在第二次无诱因发作之后,无论哪种癫痫综合征,均建议进行治疗。
对于所有癫痫类型,利用抗惊厥药进行药物治疗是一线干预措施。[48]Kanner AM, Ashman E, Gloss D, et al. Practice guideline update summary: efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs I: treatment of new-onset epilepsy: report of the American Epilepsy Society and the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Epilepsy Curr. 2018 Jul-Aug;18(4):260-8.http://n.neurology.org/content/91/2/74http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30254527?tool=bestpractice.com 有许多不同的药物选择,并且,虽然对于某些癫痫综合征一些药物更为合适,然而,几乎没有证据表明一种抗惊厥药比另一种的疗效更高。[49]Costa J, Fareleira F, Ascenção R, et al. Clinical comparability of the new antiepileptic drugs in refractory partial epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsia. 2011 Jul;52(7):1280-91.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03047.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21729036?tool=bestpractice.com 在采用恰当药物进行单药治疗情况下,无论是哪种癫痫综合征或选择何种特定药物,均有很高的几率使患者不再发作。二次 GTCS 发作患者受控的几率约为 50%-60%,而 GTCS 患者无发作的概率预期可达 60% 或更高。[50]Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Early identification of refractory epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2000 Feb 3;342(5):314-9.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200002033420503#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10660394?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Effectiveness of first antiepileptic drug. Epilepsia. 2001 Oct;42(10):1255-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11737159?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Mohanraj R, Brodie MJ. Pharmacological outcomes in newly diagnosed epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2005 May;6(3):382-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15820347?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Mohanraj R, Brodie MJ. Outcomes of newly diagnosed idiopathic generalized epilepsy syndromes in a non-pediatric setting. Acta Neurol Scand. 2007 Mar;115(3):204-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17295717?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Shih JJ, Ochoa JG. A systematic review of antiepileptic drug initiation and withdrawal. Neurologist. 2009 May;15(3):122-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19430266?tool=bestpractice.com 单一疗法可限制副作用、特异质反应及药物相互作用的风险。
在具有 GTCS 的特定患者中,医师可能无法确定病因;即,无明显检查结果表明某种特定的癫痫综合征。例如,EEG 或 MRI 无异常。但是,需要使用最有效最安全的可用药物进行初始治疗。
目前,尽管许多随机对照试验已经在仅有 GTCS 的成年患者中评估了某一特定抗痉挛药物作为单药治疗的有效性,但是没有一项研究证实仅基于癫痫发作类型的最终效果或有效性。[55]Glauser T, Ben-Menachem E, Bourgeois B, et al; ILAE Subcommission on AED Guidelines. Updated ILAE evidence review of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia. 2013 Mar;54(3):551-63.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/epi.12074http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23350722?tool=bestpractice.com 总体而言,药物选择最好根据诊断的癫痫综合征确定。
对于未确定的癫痫综合征病例,应使用广谱抗惊厥药物,例如:丙戊酸盐、拉莫三嗪、托吡酯、唑尼沙胺及左乙拉西坦。这些药物已经被证实在多种癫痫症中具有有效性。
在疑似 GTCS 的病例中,有多种疗效相当的一线治疗选择,但医师会根据副作用信息或禁忌证指导使用。相关内容如下。
拉莫三嗪:较新型的药物,具有副作用较少且药物间的相互作用较少的优势。[56]LaRoche SM, Helmers SL. The new antiepileptic drugs: scientific review. JAMA. 2004 Feb 4;291(5):605-14.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=198143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14762040?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Smith CT, Marson AG, Chadwick DW, et al. Multiple treatment comparisons in epilepsy monotherapy trials. Trials. 2007 Nov 5;8:34.http://www.trialsjournal.com/content/8/1/34http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17983480?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Marson AG, Appleton R, Baker GA, et al. A randomised controlled trial examining the longer-term outcomes of standard versus new antiepileptic drugs. The SANAD trial. Health Technol Assess. 2007 Oct;11(37):iii-iv;ix-x;1-134.http://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/volume-11/issue-37http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17903391?tool=bestpractice.com证据 B癫痫发作的控制:有中等质量的证据表明,拉莫三嗪单一疗法在新诊断的混合类癫痫症患者中具有与较早的抗癫痫药物相同的疗效,并且拉莫三嗪的耐受性更佳。[59]Reunanen M, Dam M, Yuen AW. A randomized open multicentre comparative trial of lamotrigine and carbamazepine as monotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1996 Mar;23(2):149-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8964276?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Brodie MJ, Chadwick DW, Anhut H, et al. Gabapentin versus lamotrigine monotherapy: a double-blind comparison in newly diagnosed epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2002 Sep;43(9):993-1000.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12199724?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Steiner TJ, Dellaportas CI, Findley LJ, et al. Lamotrigine monotherapy in newly diagnosed untreated epilepsy: a double-blind comparison with phenytoin. Epilepsia. 1999 May;40(5):601-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10386529?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Brodie MJ, Richens A, Yuen AW; UK Lamotrigine/Carbamazepine Monotherapy Trial Group. Double-blind comparison of lamotrigine and carbamazepine in newly diagnosed epilepsy. Lancet. 1995 Feb 25;345(8948):476-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7710545?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
托吡酯:较新型的药物,具有副作用较少且药物间的相互作用较少的优势。[56]LaRoche SM, Helmers SL. The new antiepileptic drugs: scientific review. JAMA. 2004 Feb 4;291(5):605-14.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=198143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14762040?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Ben-Menachem E, Sander JW, Stefan H, et al. Topiramate monotherapy in the treatment of newly or recently diagnosed epilepsy. Clin Ther. 2008 Jul;30(7):1180-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18691980?tool=bestpractice.com证据 B发作控制:有中等质量的证据表明,托吡酯单一疗法在新诊断的混合类癫痫症患者中具有与较早的抗癫痫药物相同的疗效,并且托吡酯的耐受性更佳。[64]Arroyo S, Dodson WE, Privitera MD, et al. Randomized dose-controlled study of topiramate as first-line therapy in epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand. 2005 Oct;112(4):214-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16146489?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Privitera MD, Brodie MJ, Mattson RH, et al. Topiramate, carbamazepine, and valproate monotherapy: double-blind comparison in newly diagnosed epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand. 2003 Mar;107(3):165-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12614309?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
奥卡西平:若疑似全面性起源的癫痫综合征,应谨慎使用。[56]LaRoche SM, Helmers SL. The new antiepileptic drugs: scientific review. JAMA. 2004 Feb 4;291(5):605-14.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=198143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14762040?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Smith CT, Marson AG, Chadwick DW, et al. Multiple treatment comparisons in epilepsy monotherapy trials. Trials. 2007 Nov 5;8:34.http://www.trialsjournal.com/content/8/1/34http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17983480?tool=bestpractice.com[66]McAuley JW, Biederman TS, Smith JC, et al. Newer therapies in the drug treatment of epilepsy. Ann Pharmacother. 2002 Jan;36(1):119-29.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11816240?tool=bestpractice.com证据 B癫痫发作的控制:有中等质量的证据表明,奥卡西平单一疗法在新诊断的混合类癫痫症患者中具有与较早的抗癫痫药物相同的疗效,并且奥卡西平的耐受性更佳。[67]Dam M, Ekberg R, Loyning Y, et al. A double-blind study comparing oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine in patients with newly diagnosed, previously untreated epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1989 Jan-Feb;3(1):70-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2645120?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Christe W, Kramer G, Vigonius U, et al. A double-blind controlled clinical trial: oxcarbazepine versus sodium valproate in adults with newly diagnosed epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1997 Mar;26(3):451-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9127726?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Bill PA, Vigonius U, Pohlmann H, et al. A double-blind controlled clinical trial of oxcarbazepine versus phenytoin in adults with previously untreated epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1997 Jun;27(3):195-204.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9237054?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
卡马西平:若疑似全面性起源的癫痫综合征,应谨慎使用。[57]Smith CT, Marson AG, Chadwick DW, et al. Multiple treatment comparisons in epilepsy monotherapy trials. Trials. 2007 Nov 5;8:34.http://www.trialsjournal.com/content/8/1/34http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17983480?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Brodie MJ, Perucca E, Ryvlin P, et al. Comparison of levetiracetam and controlled-release carbamazepine in newly diagnosed epilepsy. Neurology. 2007 Feb 6;68(6):402-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17283312?tool=bestpractice.com证据 C癫痫发作的控制:有低等质量的证据表明,卡马西平在新诊断的混合类或类别不明的癫痫症患者中具有与较早的抗癫痫药物相同的疗效。[71]Callaghan N, Kenny RA, O'Neill B, et al. A prospective study between carbamazepine, phenytoin, and sodium valproate as monotherapy in previously untreated and recently diagnosed patients with epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1985 Jul;48(7):639-44.http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/48/7/639.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3928820?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Placencia M, Sander JW, Shorvon SD, et al. Antiepileptic drug treatment in a community health care setting in Northern Ecuador: a prospective 12-month assessment. Epilepsy Res. 1993 Mar;14(3):237-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8504794?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Richens A, Davidson DL, Cartlidge NE, et al; Adult EPITEG Collaborative Group. A multicentre comparative trial of sodium valproate and carbamazepine in adult onset epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994 Jun;57(6):682-7.http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/57/6/682.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006647?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Heller AJ, Chesterman P, Elwes RD, et al. Phenobarbitone, phenytoin, carbamazepine, or sodium valproate for newly diagnosed adult epilepsy: a randomized comparative monotherapy trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995 Jan;58(1):44-50.http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/58/1/44.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7823066?tool=bestpractice.com 有中等质量的证据表明,卡马西平与较新的抗癫痫药物相同的疗效,但卡马西平治疗时副作用的发生率更高。[62]Brodie MJ, Richens A, Yuen AW; UK Lamotrigine/Carbamazepine Monotherapy Trial Group. Double-blind comparison of lamotrigine and carbamazepine in newly diagnosed epilepsy. Lancet. 1995 Feb 25;345(8948):476-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7710545?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Privitera MD, Brodie MJ, Mattson RH, et al. Topiramate, carbamazepine, and valproate monotherapy: double-blind comparison in newly diagnosed epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand. 2003 Mar;107(3):165-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12614309?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Dam M, Ekberg R, Loyning Y, et al. A double-blind study comparing oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine in patients with newly diagnosed, previously untreated epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1989 Jan-Feb;3(1):70-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2645120?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
左乙拉西坦。[56]LaRoche SM, Helmers SL. The new antiepileptic drugs: scientific review. JAMA. 2004 Feb 4;291(5):605-14.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=198143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14762040?tool=bestpractice.com[66]McAuley JW, Biederman TS, Smith JC, et al. Newer therapies in the drug treatment of epilepsy. Ann Pharmacother. 2002 Jan;36(1):119-29.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11816240?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Brodie MJ, Perucca E, Ryvlin P, et al. Comparison of levetiracetam and controlled-release carbamazepine in newly diagnosed epilepsy. Neurology. 2007 Feb 6;68(6):402-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17283312?tool=bestpractice.com证据 A癫痫发作的控制:有高质量的证据表明,在新诊断的癫痫症患者中,左乙拉西坦具有与控释型卡马西平相同的疗效。 [70]Brodie MJ, Perucca E, Ryvlin P, et al. Comparison of levetiracetam and controlled-release carbamazepine in newly diagnosed epilepsy. Neurology. 2007 Feb 6;68(6):402-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17283312?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
丙戊酸:2018 年,欧洲药品管理局 (EMA) 最终完成了对丙戊酸及其类似物的审查,并建议在妊娠期禁止将这些药物用于癫痫,因为胎儿/儿童存在先天畸形和出现发育问题的风险。然而,对于一些可能无法停用丙戊酸的癫痫女性来说,可能需要在妊娠期适当的专科护理下继续接受治疗。[75]European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. March 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Valproate_2017_31/Position_provided_by_CMDh/WC500246350.pdf 在美国,对于妊娠期的癫痫,标准临床实践为,仅在其他替代药物不被接受或无效时,才开具丙戊酸及其类似物的治疗处方。如果患者正在服用药物以预防严重癫痫发作并计划备孕,那么应根据个体来决定是继续使用丙戊酸还是更换为替代药物。在欧洲和美国,除非已实施妊娠预防计划并且符合特定的条件,否则丙戊酸及其类似物不得用于育龄期女性患者。[75]European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. March 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Valproate_2017_31/Position_provided_by_CMDh/WC500246350.pdf
苯妥英:若疑似全面性起源的癫痫综合征,应谨慎使用。证据 B癫痫发作的控制:有中等质量的证据表明,苯妥英具有与较新的抗癫痫药物相同的疗效。[61]Steiner TJ, Dellaportas CI, Findley LJ, et al. Lamotrigine monotherapy in newly diagnosed untreated epilepsy: a double-blind comparison with phenytoin. Epilepsia. 1999 May;40(5):601-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10386529?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Bill PA, Vigonius U, Pohlmann H, et al. A double-blind controlled clinical trial of oxcarbazepine versus phenytoin in adults with previously untreated epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1997 Jun;27(3):195-204.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9237054?tool=bestpractice.com 并有低质量的证据表明,苯妥英在新诊断并接受治疗的混合类或分类不明的癫痫症患者中具有与较早的抗癫痫药物相同的疗效。[71]Callaghan N, Kenny RA, O'Neill B, et al. A prospective study between carbamazepine, phenytoin, and sodium valproate as monotherapy in previously untreated and recently diagnosed patients with epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1985 Jul;48(7):639-44.http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/48/7/639.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3928820?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Heller AJ, Chesterman P, Elwes RD, et al. Phenobarbitone, phenytoin, carbamazepine, or sodium valproate for newly diagnosed adult epilepsy: a randomized comparative monotherapy trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995 Jan;58(1):44-50.http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/58/1/44.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7823066?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Shakir RA, Johnson RH, Lambie DG, et al. Comparison of sodium valproate and phenytoin as single drug treatment in epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1981 Feb;22(1):27-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6781888?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Turnbull DM, Rawlins MD, Weightman D, et al. A comparison of phenytoin and valproate in previously untreated adult epileptic patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1982 Jan;45(1):55-9.http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/45/1/55.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6801213?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Wilder BJ, Ramsay RE, Murphy JV, et al. Comparison of valproic acid and phenytoin in newly diagnosed tonic-clonic seizures. Neurology. 1983 Nov;33(11):1474-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6415511?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Turnbull DM, Howel D, Rawlins MD, et al. Which drug for the adult epileptic patient: phenytoin or valproate? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1985 Mar 16;290(6471):815-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1418605/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3919805?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Rastogi P, Mehrotra TN, Agarwala RK, et al. Comparison of sodium valproate and phenytoin as single drug treatment in generalized and partial epilepsy. J Assoc Physicians India. 1991 Aug;39(8):606-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1814875?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
加巴喷丁:比大多数抗痉挛药的疗效弱,但有文献资料支持该药在局灶性发作的病例中使用。[56]LaRoche SM, Helmers SL. The new antiepileptic drugs: scientific review. JAMA. 2004 Feb 4;291(5):605-14.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=198143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14762040?tool=bestpractice.com证据 B发作控制:有中等质量的证据表明,在局灶性起源癫痫症患者中,加巴喷丁具有与卡马西平相同的疗效。[81]Chadwick DW, Anhut H, Greiner MJ, et al. A double-blind trial of gabapentin monotherapy for newly diagnosed partial seizures. Neurology. 1998 Nov;51(5):1282-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9818846?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
卡马西平是一种合理的选择,但如果考虑诊断为全面性起源癫痫,则应避免该药;不应考虑将该药用作标准的广谱抗痉挛药物。[55]Glauser T, Ben-Menachem E, Bourgeois B, et al; ILAE Subcommission on AED Guidelines. Updated ILAE evidence review of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia. 2013 Mar;54(3):551-63.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/epi.12074http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23350722?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Marson AG, Williamson PR, Clough H, et al. Carbamazepine versus valproate monotherapy for epilepsy: a meta-analysis. Epilepsia. 2002 May;43(5):505-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12027911?tool=bestpractice.com 在最新可用的抗痉挛药物中,拉莫三嗪、托吡酯、奥卡西平及加巴喷丁均被证实作为针对新发作的单一疗法具有临床疗效。[48]Kanner AM, Ashman E, Gloss D, et al. Practice guideline update summary: efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs I: treatment of new-onset epilepsy: report of the American Epilepsy Society and the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Epilepsy Curr. 2018 Jul-Aug;18(4):260-8.http://n.neurology.org/content/91/2/74http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30254527?tool=bestpractice.com [ ]How does lamotrigine compare with carbamazepine for people with epilepsy?https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2084/full显示答案有证据表明,拉莫三嗪、托吡酯及奥卡西平仅对 GTCS 具有临床疗效。[55]Glauser T, Ben-Menachem E, Bourgeois B, et al; ILAE Subcommission on AED Guidelines. Updated ILAE evidence review of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia. 2013 Mar;54(3):551-63.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/epi.12074http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23350722?tool=bestpractice.com 最近,左乙拉西坦已被证实,作为针对未分类的 GTCS 单一疗法方面具有临床疗效。[70]Brodie MJ, Perucca E, Ryvlin P, et al. Comparison of levetiracetam and controlled-release carbamazepine in newly diagnosed epilepsy. Neurology. 2007 Feb 6;68(6):402-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17283312?tool=bestpractice.com
较早的药物(例如苯妥英、丙戊酸及苯巴比妥)已被证实为有效的药物选择;但它们的副作用及毒性问题对许多患者而言都是重要的问题。[55]Glauser T, Ben-Menachem E, Bourgeois B, et al; ILAE Subcommission on AED Guidelines. Updated ILAE evidence review of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia. 2013 Mar;54(3):551-63.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/epi.12074http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23350722?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Marson AG, Williamson PR, Clough H, et al. Carbamazepine versus valproate monotherapy for epilepsy: a meta-analysis. Epilepsia. 2002 May;43(5):505-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12027911?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Hitiris N, Brodie MJ. Evidence-based treatment of idiopathic generalized epilepsies with older antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia. 2005;46(suppl 9):149-53.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.00327.xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16302889?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Lerman-Sagie T, Lerman P. Phenobarbital still had a role in epilepsy treatment. J Child Neurol. 1999 Dec;14(12):820-1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10614571?tool=bestpractice.com 特别是苯巴比妥,该药可引发一定的不良事件及不期望的副作用,因此,对于几乎所有的病例,都应避免该药。2017 年的一项 Cochrane 评价支持将丙戊酸钠作为 GTCS(伴或不伴其他全面性发作类型)患者的一线治疗药物,拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦作为合适的替代药物使用,尤其对于那些有生育能力的女性,对于这类人群,丙戊酸钠存在致畸性,可能不是一种恰当的治疗药物。[85]Nevitt SJ, Sudell M, Weston J, et al. Antiepileptic drug monotherapy for epilepsy: a network meta-analysis of individual participant data. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(12):CD011412.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011412.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29243813?tool=bestpractice.com [ ]How do antiepileptic drugs compare for people with generalized tonic-clonic seizures?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1801/full显示答案
临床试验不大支持唑尼沙胺;但该药可能是一线治疗的一种合理选择方案。[56]LaRoche SM, Helmers SL. The new antiepileptic drugs: scientific review. JAMA. 2004 Feb 4;291(5):605-14.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=198143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14762040?tool=bestpractice.com[66]McAuley JW, Biederman TS, Smith JC, et al. Newer therapies in the drug treatment of epilepsy. Ann Pharmacother. 2002 Jan;36(1):119-29.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11816240?tool=bestpractice.com
若 EEG 或 MRI 结果表明存在症状性局灶性起源癫痫发作,且结合这些发现得出部局灶性起源癫痫伴继发的全身性发作的诊断,则合理的一线药物选择可为下述选项中的一种。
卡马西平:用于局灶性起源癫痫的典型药物。[57]Smith CT, Marson AG, Chadwick DW, et al. Multiple treatment comparisons in epilepsy monotherapy trials. Trials. 2007 Nov 5;8:34.http://www.trialsjournal.com/content/8/1/34http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17983480?tool=bestpractice.com
苯妥英。
丙戊酸:2018 年,欧洲药品管理局 (EMA) 最终完成了对丙戊酸及其类似物的审查,并建议在妊娠期禁止将这些药物用于治疗癫痫,因为存在胎儿/儿童出现先天畸形和发育问题的风险。然而,对于一些可能无法停用丙戊酸的癫痫女性来说,可能需要在妊娠期适当的专科护理下继续接受治疗。[75]European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. March 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Valproate_2017_31/Position_provided_by_CMDh/WC500246350.pdf 在美国,对于妊娠期的癫痫,标准临床实践为,仅在其他替代药物不被接受或无效时,才开具丙戊酸及其类似物的治疗处方。如果患者正在服用药物以预防严重癫痫发作并计划备孕,那么应根据个体来决定是继续使用丙戊酸还是更换为替代药物。在欧洲和美国,除非已实施妊娠预防计划并且符合特定的条件,否则丙戊酸及其类似物不得用于育龄期女性患者。[75]European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. March 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Valproate_2017_31/Position_provided_by_CMDh/WC500246350.pdf
拉莫三嗪:新药物,具有副作用较少且药物间的相互作用较少的优势;拉莫三嗪受到越来越多的支持,作为局灶性起源癫痫发作继发泛化的新治疗选择。[56]LaRoche SM, Helmers SL. The new antiepileptic drugs: scientific review. JAMA. 2004 Feb 4;291(5):605-14.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=198143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14762040?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Smith CT, Marson AG, Chadwick DW, et al. Multiple treatment comparisons in epilepsy monotherapy trials. Trials. 2007 Nov 5;8:34.http://www.trialsjournal.com/content/8/1/34http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17983480?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Marson AG, Al-Kharusi AM, Alwaidh M, et al. The SANAD study of effectiveness of carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, or topiramate for treatment of partial epilepsy: an unblinded randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2007 Mar 24;369(9566):1000-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2080688/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17382827?tool=bestpractice.com证据 B发作控制:有中等质量的证据表明,在局灶性起源癫痫症患者中,拉莫三嗪具有与较早的抗癫痫药物相同的疗效,并比较早的药物具有更佳的耐受性。[86]Marson AG, Al-Kharusi AM, Alwaidh M, et al. The SANAD study of effectiveness of carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, or topiramate for treatment of partial epilepsy: an unblinded randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2007 Mar 24;369(9566):1000-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2080688/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17382827?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Brodie MJ, Chadwick DW, Anhut H, et al. Gabapentin versus lamotrigine monotherapy: a double-blind comparison in newly diagnosed epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2002 Sep;43(9):993-1000.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12199724?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Steiner TJ, Dellaportas CI, Findley LJ, et al. Lamotrigine monotherapy in newly diagnosed untreated epilepsy: a double-blind comparison with phenytoin. Epilepsia. 1999 May;40(5):601-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10386529?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Brodie MJ, Richens A, Yuen AW; UK Lamotrigine/Carbamazepine Monotherapy Trial Group. Double-blind comparison of lamotrigine and carbamazepine in newly diagnosed epilepsy. Lancet. 1995 Feb 25;345(8948):476-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7710545?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Nieto-Barrera M, Brozmanova M, Capovilla G, et al. A comparison of monotherapy with lamotrigine or carbamazepine in patients with newly diagnosed partial epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2001 Aug;46(2):145-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11463516?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
托吡酯:较新型的药物,具有副作用较少且药物间的相互作用较少的优势。[56]LaRoche SM, Helmers SL. The new antiepileptic drugs: scientific review. JAMA. 2004 Feb 4;291(5):605-14.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=198143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14762040?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Ben-Menachem E, Sander JW, Stefan H, et al. Topiramate monotherapy in the treatment of newly or recently diagnosed epilepsy. Clin Ther. 2008 Jul;30(7):1180-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18691980?tool=bestpractice.com证据 B发作控制:有中等质量的证据表明,在新诊断的癫痫症患者中,拉莫三嗪具有与卡马西平或丙戊酸钠相同的疗效。[65]Privitera MD, Brodie MJ, Mattson RH, et al. Topiramate, carbamazepine, and valproate monotherapy: double-blind comparison in newly diagnosed epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand. 2003 Mar;107(3):165-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12614309?tool=bestpractice.com 并且托吡酯是一种有效的单药治疗药物。[64]Arroyo S, Dodson WE, Privitera MD, et al. Randomized dose-controlled study of topiramate as first-line therapy in epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand. 2005 Oct;112(4):214-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16146489?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Gilliam FG, Veloso F, Bomhof MA, et al. A dose-comparison trial of topiramate as monotherapy in recently diagnosed partial epilepsy. Neurology. 2003 Jan 28;60(2):196-202.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12552030?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
奥卡西平:较新型药物,具有副作用较少且药物间的相互作用较少的优势。[56]LaRoche SM, Helmers SL. The new antiepileptic drugs: scientific review. JAMA. 2004 Feb 4;291(5):605-14.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=198143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14762040?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Smith CT, Marson AG, Chadwick DW, et al. Multiple treatment comparisons in epilepsy monotherapy trials. Trials. 2007 Nov 5;8:34.http://www.trialsjournal.com/content/8/1/34http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17983480?tool=bestpractice.com证据 B发作控制:有中等质量的证据表明,在新诊断的混合类型癫痫症患者中,奥卡西平具有与较早的抗癫痫药物相同的疗效。[67]Dam M, Ekberg R, Loyning Y, et al. A double-blind study comparing oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine in patients with newly diagnosed, previously untreated epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1989 Jan-Feb;3(1):70-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2645120?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Christe W, Kramer G, Vigonius U, et al. A double-blind controlled clinical trial: oxcarbazepine versus sodium valproate in adults with newly diagnosed epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1997 Mar;26(3):451-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9127726?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Bill PA, Vigonius U, Pohlmann H, et al. A double-blind controlled clinical trial of oxcarbazepine versus phenytoin in adults with previously untreated epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1997 Jun;27(3):195-204.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9237054?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
加巴喷丁。[56]LaRoche SM, Helmers SL. The new antiepileptic drugs: scientific review. JAMA. 2004 Feb 4;291(5):605-14.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=198143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14762040?tool=bestpractice.com证据 B发作控制:有中等质量的证据表明,在局灶性起源癫痫症患者中,加巴喷丁具有与卡马西平相同的疗效。[81]Chadwick DW, Anhut H, Greiner MJ, et al. A double-blind trial of gabapentin monotherapy for newly diagnosed partial seizures. Neurology. 1998 Nov;51(5):1282-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9818846?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
在较早的抗痉挛药物中,卡马西平与苯妥英均被证实针对症状性局灶性起源癫痫具有临床疗效。[55]Glauser T, Ben-Menachem E, Bourgeois B, et al; ILAE Subcommission on AED Guidelines. Updated ILAE evidence review of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia. 2013 Mar;54(3):551-63.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/epi.12074http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23350722?tool=bestpractice.com 丙戊酸可能具有临床疗效,但其临床优势的证据弱于卡马西平及苯妥英的有关证据。[55]Glauser T, Ben-Menachem E, Bourgeois B, et al; ILAE Subcommission on AED Guidelines. Updated ILAE evidence review of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia. 2013 Mar;54(3):551-63.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/epi.12074http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23350722?tool=bestpractice.com 在较新的抗痉挛药物中,加巴喷丁、拉莫三嗪、托吡酯及奥卡西平均被证实具有与多种较早的抗痉挛药物相同的疗效,但未显示出较于后者的优越性,且未经过严格测试。[55]Glauser T, Ben-Menachem E, Bourgeois B, et al; ILAE Subcommission on AED Guidelines. Updated ILAE evidence review of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia. 2013 Mar;54(3):551-63.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/epi.12074http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23350722?tool=bestpractice.com 不过,对比于较早的药物,这些药物具有更优越的耐受性及药物代谢动力学特性。[48]Kanner AM, Ashman E, Gloss D, et al. Practice guideline update summary: efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs I: treatment of new-onset epilepsy: report of the American Epilepsy Society and the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Epilepsy Curr. 2018 Jul-Aug;18(4):260-8.http://n.neurology.org/content/91/2/74http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30254527?tool=bestpractice.com 一项研究已表明,拉莫三嗪在多种变量方面优于卡马西平及其他较新的药物。[86]Marson AG, Al-Kharusi AM, Alwaidh M, et al. The SANAD study of effectiveness of carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, or topiramate for treatment of partial epilepsy: an unblinded randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2007 Mar 24;369(9566):1000-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2080688/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17382827?tool=bestpractice.com 加巴喷丁也已被证实具有与卡马西平相同的疗效。[81]Chadwick DW, Anhut H, Greiner MJ, et al. A double-blind trial of gabapentin monotherapy for newly diagnosed partial seizures. Neurology. 1998 Nov;51(5):1282-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9818846?tool=bestpractice.com证据 B发作控制:有中等质量的证据表明,在局灶性起源癫痫症患者中,加巴喷丁具有与卡马西平相同的疗效。[81]Chadwick DW, Anhut H, Greiner MJ, et al. A double-blind trial of gabapentin monotherapy for newly diagnosed partial seizures. Neurology. 1998 Nov;51(5):1282-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9818846?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
尽管左乙拉西坦单一疗法已被证实在 GTCS 患者混合群体中具有临床疗效,但仍未仅针对局灶性起源癫痫发作伴继发的全身作作为单一疗法进行检测。[70]Brodie MJ, Perucca E, Ryvlin P, et al. Comparison of levetiracetam and controlled-release carbamazepine in newly diagnosed epilepsy. Neurology. 2007 Feb 6;68(6):402-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17283312?tool=bestpractice.com 唑尼沙胺作为单一疗法的临床疗效仍未经证实。但尽管缺乏单一疗法的直接证据,仍有癫痫病专家将左乙拉西坦与唑尼沙胺做常规使用,用做治疗局灶性起源癫痫发作的单一疗法。最近获批用于局灶性起源癫痫发作单药治疗的两个药物是拉科酰胺 (lacosamide)[89]Wechsler RT, Li G, French J, et al. Conversion to lacosamide monotherapy in the treatment of focal epilepsy: results from a historical-controlled, multicenter, double-blind study. Epilepsia. 2014 Jul;55(7):1088-98.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4477913/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24915838?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Giráldez BG, Toledano R, García-Morales I, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of lacosamide monotherapy in the treatment of partial-onset seizures: A multicenter evaluation. Seizure. 2015 Jul;29:119-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26076854?tool=bestpractice.com 和艾司利卡西平 (eslicarbazepine)。[91]Willems LM, Zöllner JP, Paule E, et al. Eslicarbazepine acetate in epilepsies with focal and secondary generalised seizures: systematic review of current evidence. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2018 Mar;11(3):309-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29285947?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Sperling MR, Harvey J, Grinnell T, et al. Efficacy and safety of conversion to monotherapy with eslicarbazepine acetate in adults with uncontrolled partial-onset seizures: a randomized historical-control phase III study based in North America. Epilepsia. 2015 Apr;56(4):546-55.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/epi.12934/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25689448?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Jacobson MP, Pazdera L, Bhatia P, et al. Efficacy and safety of conversion to monotherapy with eslicarbazepine acetate in adults with uncontrolled partial-onset seizures: a historical-control phase III study. BMC Neurol. 2015 Mar 28;15:46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4397697/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25880756?tool=bestpractice.com
在 EEG 或 MRI 结果表明存在症状性局灶性起源癫痫的年老患者中,特定的抗痉挛药物已经被证实在症状性局灶性性起源癫痫症治疗方面具有更高的临床疗效。[94]Bourdet SV, Gidal BE, Alldredge BK. Pharmacologic management of epilepsy in the elderly. J Am Pharma Assoc. 2001 May-Jun;41(3):421-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11372907?tool=bestpractice.com
拉莫三嗪:较新型的药物,具有副作用较少且药物间的相互作用较少的优势。[56]LaRoche SM, Helmers SL. The new antiepileptic drugs: scientific review. JAMA. 2004 Feb 4;291(5):605-14.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=198143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14762040?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Marson AG, Al-Kharusi AM, Alwaidh M, et al. The SANAD study of effectiveness of carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, or topiramate for treatment of partial epilepsy: an unblinded randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2007 Mar 24;369(9566):1000-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2080688/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17382827?tool=bestpractice.com证据 A发作控制:有优等质量的证据表明,在年老的局灶性起源的癫痫患者中,拉莫三嗪的疗效及耐受性由于卡马西平。[87]Nieto-Barrera M, Brozmanova M, Capovilla G, et al. A comparison of monotherapy with lamotrigine or carbamazepine in patients with newly diagnosed partial epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2001 Aug;46(2):145-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11463516?tool=bestpractice.com[95]Brodie MJ, Overstall PW, Giorgi L, et al. Multicentre, double-blind, randomized comparison between lamotrigine and carbamazepine in elderly patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1999 Oct;37(1):81-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10515178?tool=bestpractice.com[96]Rowan AJ, Ramsay RE, Collins JF, et al. New onset geriatric epilepsy: a randomized study of gabapentin, lamotrigine, and carbamazepine. Neurology. 2005 Jun 14;64(11):1868-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15955935?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
加巴喷丁:较新型药物,具有副作用较少且药物间的相互作用较少的优势。[56]LaRoche SM, Helmers SL. The new antiepileptic drugs: scientific review. JAMA. 2004 Feb 4;291(5):605-14.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=198143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14762040?tool=bestpractice.com证据 A癫痫发作的控制:有优等质量的证据表明,在年老的局灶性起源癫痫症患者中,加巴喷丁的疗效及耐受性优于卡马西平。[96]Rowan AJ, Ramsay RE, Collins JF, et al. New onset geriatric epilepsy: a randomized study of gabapentin, lamotrigine, and carbamazepine. Neurology. 2005 Jun 14;64(11):1868-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15955935?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
卡马西平证据 B癫痫发作的控制:有优等质量的证据表明,在年老的局灶性起源的癫痫症患者中,卡马西平具有与其他抗癫痫药物相同的疗效,但在这一群体中耐受性较差。[87]Nieto-Barrera M, Brozmanova M, Capovilla G, et al. A comparison of monotherapy with lamotrigine or carbamazepine in patients with newly diagnosed partial epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2001 Aug;46(2):145-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11463516?tool=bestpractice.com[95]Brodie MJ, Overstall PW, Giorgi L, et al. Multicentre, double-blind, randomized comparison between lamotrigine and carbamazepine in elderly patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1999 Oct;37(1):81-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10515178?tool=bestpractice.com[96]Rowan AJ, Ramsay RE, Collins JF, et al. New onset geriatric epilepsy: a randomized study of gabapentin, lamotrigine, and carbamazepine. Neurology. 2005 Jun 14;64(11):1868-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15955935?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
拉莫三嗪与加巴喷丁被证实具有与卡马西平相当的疗效,但副作用情况更佳。[55]Glauser T, Ben-Menachem E, Bourgeois B, et al; ILAE Subcommission on AED Guidelines. Updated ILAE evidence review of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia. 2013 Mar;54(3):551-63.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/epi.12074http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23350722?tool=bestpractice.com [ ]How does lamotrigine compare with carbamazepine for people with epilepsy?https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2084/full显示答案
尤其在较高剂量或复方药物用药的情况下,老年患者尤其容易受副作用的影响并通常会遭受耐受性问题。[97]Sanya EO. Peculiarity of epilepsy in elderly people: a review. West Afr J Med. 2010 Nov-Dec;29(6):365-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21465442?tool=bestpractice.com[98]Rankin A, Cadogan CA, Patterson SM, et al. Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy for older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;(9):CD008165.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008165.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30175841?tool=bestpractice.com[99]Bergey GK. Initial treatment of epilepsy: special issues in treating the elderly. Neurology. 2004 Nov 23;63(10 suppl 4):S40-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15557550?tool=bestpractice.com 大多数较早的抗痉挛药物会与其他药物相互作用,影响肝脏酶促作用并与血浆蛋白结合。许多较新的抗痉挛药物被认为产生较少的相互作用。拉莫三嗪、加巴喷丁及左乙拉西坦被包含在这一类药物中,因而适于被选用于年老患者的治疗。[100]Jankovic SM, Dostic M. Choice of antiepileptic drugs for the elderly: possible drug interactions and adverse effects. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2012 Jan;8(1):81-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22175232?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,在许多患者中因其年龄较长,药物代谢缓慢,因此应对药物进行进行相应调整,并密切监测是否有毒性体征。 对于所有药物,均建议使用较低的起始及目标剂量。
对于脑电图 (EEG) 或 MRI 检查结果提示全面性癫痫发作的患者,丙戊酸是 GTCS 的标准一线治疗。[57]Smith CT, Marson AG, Chadwick DW, et al. Multiple treatment comparisons in epilepsy monotherapy trials. Trials. 2007 Nov 5;8:34.http://www.trialsjournal.com/content/8/1/34http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17983480?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Marson AG, Appleton R, Baker GA, et al. A randomised controlled trial examining the longer-term outcomes of standard versus new antiepileptic drugs. The SANAD trial. Health Technol Assess. 2007 Oct;11(37):iii-iv;ix-x;1-134.http://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/volume-11/issue-37http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17903391?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Marson AG, Williamson PR, Clough H, et al. Carbamazepine versus valproate monotherapy for epilepsy: a meta-analysis. Epilepsia. 2002 May;43(5):505-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12027911?tool=bestpractice.com 在全面性起源的癫痫综合征方面,丙戊酸也被证实对青少年肌阵挛性癫痫(可能包含 GTCS)有效。[83]Hitiris N, Brodie MJ. Evidence-based treatment of idiopathic generalized epilepsies with older antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia. 2005;46(suppl 9):149-53.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.00327.xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16302889?tool=bestpractice.com 通常认为丙戊酸是全面性起源癫痫的标准治疗,并且已经证实该药的耐受性比托吡酯的更佳,并且其有效性比拉莫三嗪更好。证据 B癫痫发作的控制:有中等质量的证据表明,在特定的全面性癫痫综合征患者的治疗中,丙戊酸钠有效。[101]Bourgeois B, Beaumanoir A, Blajev B, et al. Monotherapy with valproate in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1987;28 Suppl 2:S8-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3121293?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Penry JK, Dean JC, Riela AR, et al. Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: long-term response to therapy. Epilepsia. 1989;30 Suppl 4:S19-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2506007?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Atakli D, Sozuer D, Atay T, et al. Misdiagnosis and treatment in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Seizure. 1998 Feb;7(1):63-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9548228?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Sundqvist A, Tomson T, Lundkvist B. Valproate as monotherapy for juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: dose-effect study. Ther Drug Monitor. 1998 Apr;20(2):149-57.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9558128?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Marson AG, Al-Kharusi AM, Alwaidh M, et al. The SANAD study of effectiveness of valproate, lamotrigine, or topiramate for generalised and unclassifiable epilepsy: an unblinded randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007 Mar 24;369(9566):1016-26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2039891/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17382828?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管没有盲法的 RCT 证实丙戊酸钠在原发性 GTCS 治疗方面具有优越性,但该药被认为是许多类型的全面性癫痫发作的标准治疗。[106]Bergey GK. Evidence-based treatment of idiopathic generalized epilepsies with new antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia. 2005;46 Suppl 9:161-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16302891?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Marson AG, Al-Kharusi AM, Alwaidh M, et al. The SANAD study of effectiveness of valproate, lamotrigine, or topiramate for generalised and unclassifiable epilepsy: an unblinded randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007 Mar 24;369(9566):1016-26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2039891/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17382828?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 一项 Cochrane 评价表明,托吡酯比丙戊酸的耐受性更好,但没有更有效。[107]Liu J, Wang LN, Wang YP. Topiramate monotherapy for juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(4):CD010008.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010008.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28434203?tool=bestpractice.com2018 年,EMA 最终完成了对丙戊酸及其类似物的审查,并建议在妊娠期禁止将这些药物用于癫痫,因为胎儿/儿童存在先天畸形和出现发育问题的风险。然而,对于一些可能无法停用丙戊酸的癫痫女性来说,可能需要在妊娠期适当的专科护理下继续接受治疗。[75]European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. March 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Valproate_2017_31/Position_provided_by_CMDh/WC500246350.pdf 在美国,对于妊娠期的癫痫,标准临床实践为,仅在其他替代药物不被接受或无效时,才开具丙戊酸及其类似物的治疗处方。如果患者正在服用药物以预防严重癫痫发作并计划备孕,那么应根据个体来决定是继续使用丙戊酸还是更换为替代药物。在欧洲和美国,除非已实施妊娠预防计划并且符合特定的条件,否则丙戊酸及其类似物不得用于育龄期女性患者。[75]European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. March 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Valproate_2017_31/Position_provided_by_CMDh/WC500246350.pdf
在新型抗惊厥药物中,已经证实托吡酯对全面发作性癫痫患者的 GTCS 有效,并且已通过美国食品药品监督管理局 (Food and Drug Administration, FDA) 批准,用于这一适应证。[58]Marson AG, Appleton R, Baker GA, et al. A randomised controlled trial examining the longer-term outcomes of standard versus new antiepileptic drugs. The SANAD trial. Health Technol Assess. 2007 Oct;11(37):iii-iv;ix-x;1-134.http://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/volume-11/issue-37http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17903391?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Bergey GK. Evidence-based treatment of idiopathic generalized epilepsies with new antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia. 2005;46 Suppl 9:161-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16302891?tool=bestpractice.com
2017 年的一项 Cochrane 评价支持将丙戊酸钠作为 GTCS(伴或不伴其他全面性发作类型)患者的一线治疗药物,拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦作为合适的替代药物使用,尤其对于那些有生育能力的女性,对于这类人群,丙戊酸钠存在致畸性,可能不是一种恰当的治疗药物。[85]Nevitt SJ, Sudell M, Weston J, et al. Antiepileptic drug monotherapy for epilepsy: a network meta-analysis of individual participant data. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(12):CD011412.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011412.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29243813?tool=bestpractice.com [ ]How do antiepileptic drugs compare for people with generalized tonic-clonic seizures?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1801/full显示答案
在充分尝试过某种合适的一线治疗失败的癫痫综合征患者具有更高的将来药物治疗失败的风险。[50]Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Early identification of refractory epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2000 Feb 3;342(5):314-9.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200002033420503#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10660394?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,近期实践指出,应保证使用另一种药物进行单独的单一疗法尝试治疗;这会限制复方药物引发的并发症。
应给予辅助治疗,使用批准用作附加或双药疗法的药物。尽管一些联合用药会比其他药物具有更佳的临床疗效,但指导这一选择的证据极少。有限的证据表明,辅助性拉莫三嗪(大多联合丙戊酸)会降低难治性 GTCS 患者的癫痫发作频率。[109]Tjia-Leong E, Leong K, Marson AG. Lamotrigine adjunctive therapy for refractory generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(12):CD007783.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007783.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21154386?tool=bestpractice.com 一项氯巴占(结合卡马西平或其他一线药物)辅助治疗的回顾性资料发现,该辅助治疗可降低发作频率,但全面性发作的证据质量不如局部发作的证据。[110]Michael B, Marson AG. Clobazam as an add-on in the management of refractory epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(2):CD004154.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004154.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18425899?tool=bestpractice.com 总体而言,联合治疗方案是依据药物代谢动力学、药物间的相互作用及累计的副作用问题做出选择的。[111]French JA, Kanner AM, Bautista J, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs II: treatment of refractory epilepsy. Neurology. 2004 Apr 27;62(8):1261-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15111660?tool=bestpractice.com
然而,在二线治疗失败的局灶起性源性癫痫的年老患者中,建议单一疗法结合任何被证实在局灶性起源癫痫治疗方面具有临床疗效的药物。
在癫痫症治疗的这一阶段,在未正式诊断患有某种癫痫综合征的任何患者中,可研究其局部相关性癫痫症的患病可能。
如果药物难治性癫痫患者为合适的手术候选者,则可实施手术切除。若 GTCS 患者的继发性全面性癫痫发作源自某初始发作病灶,则手术是一种合理的选择。[112]Wiebe S, Blume WT, Girvin JP, et al; Effectiveness and Efficiency of Surgery for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Study Group. A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2001 Aug 2;345(5):311-8.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200108023450501#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11484687?tool=bestpractice.com[113]Englot DJ, Berger MS, Barbaro NM, et al. Factors associated with seizure freedom in the surgical resection of glioneuronal tumors. Epilepsia. 2012 Jan;53(1):51-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21933181?tool=bestpractice.com[114]Englot DJ, Wang DD, Rolston JD, et al. Rates and predictors of long-term seizure freedom after frontal lobe epilepsy surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg. 2012 May;116(5):1042-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22304450?tool=bestpractice.com[115]Engel J Jr, McDermott MP, Wiebe S, et al. Early surgical therapy for drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2012 Mar 7;307(9):922-30.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1105047http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22396514?tool=bestpractice.com 对于认为不适合进行手术切除的患者,可以使用诸如迷走神经刺激装置、脑深部电刺激装置和反应性神经刺激装置等设备。目前没有良好的证据可以指导医生选择其中某种方法,而不是选择另一种方法。
在患者接受手术治疗或者超过年龄相关性综合征的发病年龄后,可自然实现癫痫的长期不发作。实现癫痫不发作的患者可能希望最终停用抗癫痫药以规避持续治疗带来的费用、副作用以及心理影响。尚无证据可指导癫痫不发作患者的停药时机,但是许多医生会等待癫痫不发作至少 2 至 4 年后才考虑停药的可能性。不建议突然停药,但除此之外,几乎无证据可指导药物逐渐减量的速度。[116]Strozzi I, Nolan SJ, Sperling MR, et al. Early versus late antiepileptic drug withdrawal for people with epilepsy in remission. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(2):CD001902.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001902.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25922863?tool=bestpractice.com[117]Hixson JD. Stopping antiepileptic drugs: when and why? Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2010 Sep;12(5):434-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2918788/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20730110?tool=bestpractice.com
使用此内容应接受我们的免责声明。
BMJ临床实践的持续改进离不开您的帮助和反馈。如果您发现任何功能问题和内容错误,或您对BMJ临床实践有任何疑问或建议,请您扫描右侧二维码并根据页面指导填写您的反馈和联系信息*。一旦您的建议在我们核实后被采纳,您将会收到一份小礼品。
如果您有紧急问题需要我们帮助,请您联系我们。
邮箱:bmjchina.support@bmj.com
电话:+86 10 64100686-612
*您的联系信息仅会用于我们与您确认反馈信息和礼品事宜。
BMJ临床实践官方反馈平台