强化血糖控制可降低发生微量白蛋白尿的风险;然而,与进行较不严格的血糖控制的患者相比,在向 DKD、终末期肾病 (ESRD) 和死亡的进展方面差异很小或没有差异。[17]Ruospo M, Saglimbene VM, Palmer SC, et al. Glucose targets for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(6):CD010137.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010137.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28594069?tool=bestpractice.com
治疗高血压能减缓糖尿病肾病进展。[6]Bakris GL, Williams M, Dworkin L, et al. Preserving renal function in adults with hypertension and diabetes: a consensus approach. National Kidney Foundation Hypertension and Diabetes Executive Committees Working Group. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;36:646-661.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10977801?tool=bestpractice.comACEI 和 ARB 能降低糖尿病合并高血压患者发生微量白蛋白尿的几率。此外,血压正常(<130/80mmHg)的微量蛋白尿或大量白蛋白尿患者应用 ACEI/ARB 能稳定尿白蛋白水平,并可减缓糖尿病肾病、终末期肾病的进展及死亡。[107]Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, et al. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1456-1462.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199311113292004#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8413456?tool=bestpractice.com[136]Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:861-869.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa011161#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11565518?tool=bestpractice.com
无禁忌症时可应用阿司匹林 (81mg/d)。
避免使用 NSAIDs、造影剂或其他肾毒性药物。在血肌酐升高但仍小于 177mmol/L (<2mg/dl) 的患者,应用低分子量非离子型造影剂的风险较小。应避免钆类 MRI 造影剂,因为存在造成糖尿病肾病患者系统性硬化的风险,特别是 GFR 低于 30 mL/min/1.73 m^2 的患者。
应用降脂药(如他汀类)降低 LDL-胆固醇至低于 2.59mmol/L (<100mg/dl)。
一项随机试验表明,在糖尿病肾病患者需行冠脉/血管内造影或干预治疗时,应用碳酸氢钠水化预防造影剂肾病并不优于氯化钠水化。[137]Lee SW, Kim WJ, Kim YH, et al. Preventive strategies of renal insufficiency in patients with diabetes undergoing intervention or arteriography (the PREVENT Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2011;107:1447-1452.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21420063?tool=bestpractice.com另一项随机试验发现,瑞舒伐他汀显著降低了糖尿病及慢性肾病患者动脉注射造影剂可能出现的肾毒性风险。[138]Han Y, Zhu G, Han L, et al. Short-term rosuvastatin therapy for prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:62-70.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleID=1748229http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24076297?tool=bestpractice.com