平均风险人群
大便潜血试验 (faecal occult blood test, FOBT) 是应用最广泛的筛查方法,该方法的理论基础是癌症和息肉可能会出血。[79]Malila N, Oivanen T, Malminiemi O, et al. Test, episode, and programme sensitivities of screening for colorectal cancer as a public health policy in Finland: experimental design. BMJ. 2008;337:a2261.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2593450http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19022840?tool=bestpractice.com 大便潜血试验阳性患者通常需要结肠镜检查来全面了解结肠情况。通过大便潜血试验筛查而检测出的结直肠癌通常早于有症状而被诊断者,因此预后较好。[80]Heresbach D, Manfredi S, D'halluin PN, et al. Review in depth and meta-analysis of controlled trials on colorectal cancer screening by faecal occult blood test. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;18:427-433.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16538116?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Burch JA, Soares-Weiser K, St John DJ, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of faecal occult blood tests used in screening for colorectal cancer: a systematic review. J Med Screen. 2007;14:132-137.http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1258/096914107782066220?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17925085?tool=bestpractice.com 针对 4 项随机对照临床试验的 meta 分析结果表明,大便潜血试验筛查可使实际接受筛查的患者的结直肠癌致死风险降低 25%。据估计,大便潜血试验筛查大约可以在每 6 例结直肠癌患者中预防 1 例死于结直肠癌。[82]Hewitson P, Glasziou P, Watson E, et al. Cochrane systematic review of colorectal cancer screening using the fecal occult blood test (hemoccult): an update. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:1541-1549.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18479499?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the benefits and harms of screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) with the fecal occult blood test, Hemoccult?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.482/full显示答案
传统的 FOBT 采用基于愈创木脂的方法进行,即使用化学愈创木脂检测粪便中的血红素。需要指出的是,许多食物和药物可导致愈创木脂 FOBT 呈阳性,因此,需告知患者在进行愈创木脂 FOBT 前几天中避免使用特定的药物和食物。
相比标准的愈创木脂 FOBT,免疫化学 FOBT (iFOBT) 已经显示在结直肠癌检测中具有更高的敏感性和特异性。[83]Rabeneck L, Rumble RB, Thompson F, et al. Fecal immunochemical tests compared with guaiac fecal occult blood tests for population-based colorectal cancer screening. Can J Gastroenterol. 2012;26:131-147.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3299236/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22408764?tool=bestpractice.com 上述试验均依赖于抗体来检测粪便中的人血红蛋白。与基于愈创木脂的检测不同的是,iFOBT 检测前无饮食或药物限制,因此有些患者认为使用 iFOBT 更为方便。已批准将每年一次的 iFOBT 检测作为一种可接受的结直肠癌筛查方法。[84]American Cancer Society. Colorectal cancer screening tests. July 2017. http://www.cancer.org/ (last accessed 19 July 2017).http://www.cancer.org/cancer/colonandrectumcancer/moreinformation/colonandrectumcancerearlydetection/colorectal-cancer-early-detection-screening-tests-used 目前已证实,可屈式乙状结肠镜检查的诊断率比任一种粪便隐血试验 (FOBT) 的诊断率都高。[85]Hol L, van Leerdam ME, van Ballegooijen M, et al. Screening for colorectal cancer: randomised trial comparing guaiac-based and immunochemical faecal occult blood testing and flexible sigmoidoscopy. Gut. 2010;59:62-68.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19671542?tool=bestpractice.com
2014 年,美国食品和药物监督管理局批准了一种基于 DNA 的结直肠癌筛查试验,名为 ColoGuard。该试验可检测粪便中是否存在红细胞和 DNA 突变,从而可能提示是否存在息肉或癌症。虽然它是结直肠癌筛查中一种颇具前景的选择,但美国预防服务工作组 (United States Preventive Services Task Force, USPSTF) 尚未建议将其作为结直肠癌的筛查方法。[86]US Preventive Services Task Force; Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al. Screening for colorectal cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2016;315:2564-2575.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2529486http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27304597?tool=bestpractice.com
其他筛查策略包括每 5 年行可屈式乙状结肠镜检查(联用或不联用大便潜血试验)、双对比钡灌肠检查或每10 年行结肠镜检查。从 50 岁开始行上述筛查的人群,与未进行筛查的人群相比,可以降低结直肠癌死亡率,且挽救生命的效果不亚于 50 岁以上女性的乳腺 X 线检查。美国治疗诊断指南建议,处于平均风险的男性和女性,均应从 50 岁开始进行选择其中一项方法进行筛查,且结肠镜检查为首选筛查方法。[87]Rex DK, Johnson DA, Anderson JC, et al; American College of Gastroenterology. American College of Gastroenterology guidelines for colorectal cancer screening 2009 [corrected] Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:739-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19240699?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Qaseem A, Denberg TD, Hopkins RH Jr, et al. Screening for colorectal cancer: a guidance statement from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2012;156:378-386.http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1090701http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22393133?tool=bestpractice.com
USPSTF 建议从 50 岁开始进行结直肠癌筛查并持续至 75 岁。[86]US Preventive Services Task Force; Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al. Screening for colorectal cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2016;315:2564-2575.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2529486http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27304597?tool=bestpractice.com 考虑到患者的整体健康状况和之前的筛查历史,对 76 岁至 85 岁成年人筛查结肠直肠癌的决定应因人而异。[86]US Preventive Services Task Force; Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al. Screening for colorectal cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2016;315:2564-2575.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2529486http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27304597?tool=bestpractice.com
作为提高筛查率的策略的一部分,该指南提供了一系列筛查选择,而不是检查排名。
基于粪便的筛查检查和时间间隔如下:
直观临床筛查检查和时间间隔如下:
加拿大预防保健工作组 (Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care) 不推荐将结肠镜检查作为 50 岁及以上、无症状、非结直肠癌高风险的成年人的主要筛查工具,因为没有充分证据证明结肠镜检查优于其他筛查检查,特别是 FOBT。[89]Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care; Bacchus CM, Dunfield L, Gorber SC, et al. Recommendations on screening for colorectal cancer in primary care. CMAJ. 2016;188:340-348.http://www.cmaj.ca/content/188/5/340.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26903355?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,由于缺乏随机对照临床试验证据,这些建议被归类为“弱”推荐。
英国已推行一项筛查计划,利用大便潜血试验对 60 至 70 岁的患者进行筛查。[90]Public Health England. Bowel cancer screening: programme overview. August 2017. https://www.gov.uk/ (last accessed 6 September 2017).https://www.gov.uk/guidance/bowel-cancer-screening-programme-overview 如果大便潜血试验结果呈阳性,则须进行结肠镜检查。[85]Hol L, van Leerdam ME, van Ballegooijen M, et al. Screening for colorectal cancer: randomised trial comparing guaiac-based and immunochemical faecal occult blood testing and flexible sigmoidoscopy. Gut. 2010;59:62-68.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19671542?tool=bestpractice.com 来自英国的临床证据表明,在 55-64 岁患者中进行单一可屈式乙状结肠镜检查可能是一种有效的替代筛查工具。[91]Haller DG, Tabernero J, Maroun J, et al. Capecitabine plus oxaliplatin compared with fluorouracil and folinic acid as adjuvant therapy for stage III colon cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:1465-1471.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21383294?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Atkin WS, Edwards R, Kralj-Hans I, et al; UK Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Trial Investigators. Once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in prevention of colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;375:1624-1633.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20430429?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do flexible sigmoidoscopy and fecal occult blood tests compare with each other and no screening for detecting colorectal cancer in asymptomatic adults?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1003/full显示答案
家族性或遗传性风险
对有 2 名及以上患有结直肠癌的一级亲属,或一名患有结直肠癌或腺瘤性息肉但患病年龄小于 60 岁的一级亲属的患者,建议进行结肠镜检查筛查。应从 40 岁或比家庭内最早确诊患病年龄早 10 年时开始进行结肠镜检查,以最早检查时间为准,且每 5 年进行一次检查。[87]Rex DK, Johnson DA, Anderson JC, et al; American College of Gastroenterology. American College of Gastroenterology guidelines for colorectal cancer screening 2009 [corrected] Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:739-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19240699?tool=bestpractice.com 英国治疗诊断指南建议从 50 岁开始进行筛查(风险性更低的个体可放宽至 55 岁)。[93]Cairns SR, Scholefield JH, Steele RJ, et al; British Society of Gastroenterology; Association of Coloproctology for Great Britain and Ireland. Guidelines for colorectal cancer screening and surveillance in moderate and high risk groups (update from 2002). Gut. 2010;59:666-689.http://www.bsg.org.uk/images/stories/docs/clinical/guidelines/endoscopy/ccs_10.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20427401?tool=bestpractice.com
高风险
家族性腺瘤性息肉病 (FAP):
应对家族性腺瘤性息肉病患者进行基因检测,并提供专业医疗咨询,以鉴定致病性突变(大约 80% 的患者可见此类突变)。一旦识别突变,年满 10 岁的其他家庭成员亦应进行突变检测。基因检测结果呈阳性的亲属应从 10-12 岁开始,每年进行一次结肠镜检查。基因检测结果呈阴性的亲属则被视为普通人群接受筛查。一旦结肠镜检查发现多个腺瘤,则需要进行结肠切除术,且患者年龄往往是十几岁或 20 岁出头。由于衰减型 FAP 发生结直肠癌的年龄较晚,该类患者可能推迟到 20 多岁至 30 多岁手术。家族性腺瘤性息肉病患者的结肠外恶性肿瘤患病风险较高,且针对这些患者已发布了相应的筛查指南。[94]Giardiello FM, Brensinger JK, Petersen GM. AGA technical review on hereditary colorectal cancer and genetic testing. Gastroenterology. 2001;121:198-213.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11438509?tool=bestpractice.com
Lynch 综合征:
对临床或病理表现疑似患有 Lynch 综合征的患者,建议进行微卫星不稳性 (MSI) 和结直肠癌组织的常见错配修复基因(MLH1、MSH2、PMS1 和 MSH6)的蛋白质产物低水平表达筛查。阿姆斯特丹 II 标准已被诸多调查研究用来鉴别高危险患者,但由于特异性或敏感性不足,该标准尚无法应用于临床常规检测。[87]Rex DK, Johnson DA, Anderson JC, et al; American College of Gastroenterology. American College of Gastroenterology guidelines for colorectal cancer screening 2009 [corrected] Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:739-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19240699?tool=bestpractice.com 经修订的贝塞斯达标准可用来确定应进行微卫星不稳性检测的结直肠癌人群。若发现患者组织或血液内存在基因突变,则应对有症状的亲属进行基因检测。基因或临床诊断患有 Lynch 综合征的个体,应从 20-25 岁或比家庭内最早确诊患病年龄早 10 年开始(以最早年龄为准),每隔 1-2 年进行一次结肠镜检查。[87]Rex DK, Johnson DA, Anderson JC, et al; American College of Gastroenterology. American College of Gastroenterology guidelines for colorectal cancer screening 2009 [corrected] Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:739-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19240699?tool=bestpractice.com Lynch 综合征患者患有其他恶性肿瘤的风险也较高,且针对这些患者已发布了相应的筛查指南。[94]Giardiello FM, Brensinger JK, Petersen GM. AGA technical review on hereditary colorectal cancer and genetic testing. Gastroenterology. 2001;121:198-213.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11438509?tool=bestpractice.com 30 至 35 岁 Lynch 综合征遗传基因阳性的女性可每年接受一次盆腔检查、盆腔超声和子宫内膜活检。[95]Crispens MA. Endometrial and ovarian cancer in Lynch syndrome. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2012;25:97-102.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3423887/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23730224?tool=bestpractice.com
MYH 相关的息肉病 (MYH-associated polyposis, MAP):
炎症性肠病
溃疡性结肠炎或克罗恩结肠炎患者,应在全结肠炎患病 8 年后,或左侧结肠炎患病 15 年后,每隔 1-2 年进行结肠镜筛查及系统性组织活检。所有患者都应在发病后的 8-10 年内,进行结肠镜检查,以确定疾病的严重程度。[87]Rex DK, Johnson DA, Anderson JC, et al; American College of Gastroenterology. American College of Gastroenterology guidelines for colorectal cancer screening 2009 [corrected] Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:739-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19240699?tool=bestpractice.com 英国治疗诊断指南建议在全结肠炎患病 8 年后,每 3 年进行一次结肠镜检查,且在患病后第三个十年内,提高结肠镜检查频率。[93]Cairns SR, Scholefield JH, Steele RJ, et al; British Society of Gastroenterology; Association of Coloproctology for Great Britain and Ireland. Guidelines for colorectal cancer screening and surveillance in moderate and high risk groups (update from 2002). Gut. 2010;59:666-689.http://www.bsg.org.uk/images/stories/docs/clinical/guidelines/endoscopy/ccs_10.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20427401?tool=bestpractice.com
肢端肥大症
英国胃肠病学会 (British Society of Gastroenterology, BSG) 发表的指南建议,如果初始结肠镜检查显示患者没有息肉,则从 40 岁开始进行结肠镜筛查,每 5 到 10 年进行一次。如果初始结肠镜检查显示有息肉,进一步结肠镜检查的时间取决于息肉数目和组织学检查结果。[96]Jenkins PJ, Fairclough PD. Screening guidelines for colorectal cancer and polyps in patients with acromegaly. Gut. 2002;51(suppl V):v13-v14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12221033?tool=bestpractice.com 如果在初次筛查时发现腺瘤,或者 IGF-1 水平高于年龄校正后正常范围的最大值,则应为患者提供每 3 年一次的筛查。[93]Cairns SR, Scholefield JH, Steele RJ, et al; British Society of Gastroenterology; Association of Coloproctology for Great Britain and Ireland. Guidelines for colorectal cancer screening and surveillance in moderate and high risk groups (update from 2002). Gut. 2010;59:666-689.http://www.bsg.org.uk/images/stories/docs/clinical/guidelines/endoscopy/ccs_10.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20427401?tool=bestpractice.com