局部结直肠癌的外科切除术是主要的治愈性治疗方法。当潜在危险被认为大于潜在获益时,应避免进行手术治疗,例如患者不适宜进行大手术,或者患有晚期疾病(IV 期)且外科切除术可能无法显著改善患者的存活率或生活质量。
对于可能需要呼吸机的患者,呼吸机护士应在术前进行巡查,以确保有足够的时间进行准备和调试仪器。手术的目标是通过肉眼观察和组织学检查彻底切除肿瘤边缘的根治性切除术,而非姑息性切除术(例如解除梗阻)。
腹腔镜手术被越来越多地用于治疗结肠癌,并且正迅速成为结肠癌切除术的金标准。与常规的开放式手术相比,由经过适当培训的外科医生实施腹腔镜切除术的获益包括术后疼痛减轻、住院时间缩短和恢复期缩短。这两种手术治疗技术的肿瘤复发时间和生存期相似。[97]Clinical Outcomes of Surgical Therapy Study Group. A comparison of laparoscopically assisted and open colectomy for colon cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2050-2059.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa032651#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15541580?tool=bestpractice.com[98]Colon Cancer Laparoscopic or Open Resection Study Group, Buunen M, Veldkamp R, Hop WC, et al. Survival after laparoscopic surgery versus open surgery for colon cancer: long-term outcome of a randomised clinical trial. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:44-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19071061?tool=bestpractice.com[99]Green BL, Marshall HC, Collinson F, et al. Long-term follow-up of the Medical Research Council CLASICC trial of conventional versus laparoscopically assisted resection in colorectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2013;100:75-82.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bjs.8945/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23132548?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Kennedy RH, Francis EA, Wharton R, et al. Multicenter randomized controlled trial of conventional versus laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer within an enhanced recovery programme: EnROL. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:1804-1811.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/32/17/1804.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24799480?tool=bestpractice.com
当前越来越多的加速康复外科采纳了促进术后康复 (ERAS) 计划的原则,并获得广泛使用。研究表明,加速康复外科可以减少结直肠癌术后的总并发症,并缩短了术后的住院时间。[101]Spanjersberg WR, Reurings J, Keus F, et al. Fast track surgery versus conventional recovery strategies for colorectal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(2):CD007635.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007635.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21328298?tool=bestpractice.com[102]van der Pas MH, Haglind E, Cuesta MA, et al. Laparoscopic versus open surgery for rectal cancer (COLOR II): short-term outcomes of a randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14:210-218.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23395398?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the effects of Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) compared with conventional recovery strategies in people undergoing colorectal surgery?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.545/full显示答案
此外,越来越多的证据表明,在手术室内接受更多外科操作的患者结局会更好。[103]van Gijn W, Gooiker GA, Wouters MW, et al. Volume and outcome in colorectal cancer surgery. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2010;36(suppl 1):S55-S63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20615649?tool=bestpractice.com
直肠癌的治疗(归类为使用硬式乙状结肠镜观察癌症远端边缘距肛缘小于或等于 15 厘米)不同于结肠癌。直肠癌的外科手术治疗方法因癌症的分期和病灶部位而异。直肠全系膜切除术是治疗低位直肠癌的国际标准外科手术治疗方法。直肠系膜切除术联合侧方淋巴结清扫术是日本治疗低位直肠癌的标准外科手术治疗方法。公布的数据表明,此治疗方法会在短期内引发手术并发症,但该临床试验没有提供结局相关数据。[104]Fujita S, Akasu T, Mizusawa J, et al. Postoperative morbidity and mortality after mesorectal excision with and without lateral lymph node dissection for clinical stage II or stage III lower rectal cancer (JCOG0212): results from a multicentre, randomised controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:616-621.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22591948?tool=bestpractice.com
腹腔镜直肠切除术与腹腔镜结肠切除术具有类似的优点,就肿瘤学结局而言,显示无劣势。[105]Anderson C, Uman G, Pigazzi A. Oncologic outcomes of laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2008;34:1135-1142.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18191529?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Ng SS, Lee JF, Yiu RY, et al. Long-term oncologic outcomes of laparoscopic versus open surgery for rectal cancer: a pooled analysis of 3 randomized controlled trials. Ann Surg. 2014;259:139-147.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23598381?tool=bestpractice.com[107]Vennix S, Pelzers L, Bouvy N, et al. Laparoscopic versus open total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(4):CD005200.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005200.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24737031?tool=bestpractice.com[108]Bonjer HJ, Deijen CL, Abis GA, et al. A randomized trial of laparoscopic versus open surgery for rectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1324-1332.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1414882#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25830422?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Jeong SY, Park JW, Nam BH, et al. Open versus laparoscopic surgery for mid-rectal or low-rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (COREAN trial): survival outcomes of an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:767-774.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24837215?tool=bestpractice.com 然而在临床实践中,直肠切除术比结肠切除术对技术的要求更高。但在一项研究中发现,就病理学结局而言,腹腔镜直肠切除术无法达到非劣于开放手术的标准。[110]Fleshman J, Branda M, Sargent DJ, et al. Effect of laparoscopic-assisted resection vs. open resection of stage II or III rectal cancer on pathologic outcomes: the ACOSOG Z6051 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;314:1346-1355.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26441179?tool=bestpractice.com 作者得出结论,他们的结果并不支持在 II 和 III 期直肠癌患者中应用腹腔镜切除术。
现在人们越来越多地关注机器人直肠切除术。2014 年的一项研究回顾了现有的一些有关采用机器人直肠切除术治疗癌症短期和长期结局的文献。[111]Aly EH. Robotic colorectal surgery: summary of the current evidence. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014;29:1-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23995270?tool=bestpractice.com 总体上,研究显示机器人手术方法转化为实行开放性手术的病例较少,与腹腔镜方法具有近似的手术时间。两种方法的肿瘤学结局相似。机器人方法更为昂贵,许多人认为其在手术时间和转而实行开放性手术的转化率方面的优势较小,不值得这些更多的费用。
I 期直肠癌(T1 和 T2)
一些早期直肠癌可以通过适用于低位直肠癌的经肛门肿瘤切除术 (transanal resection of tumour, TART) 或经肛内镜显微外科手术 (transanal endoscopic microsurgery, TEM) 或经肛微创手术进行切除。直肠癌局部切除术可能适用于符合以下全部标准的低危癌症:
直径<3 cm
累及肠壁周径<30%
组织学中度分化或高分化
局部病变(T1、N0 和 M0)。
对于已知癌症,经肛门方法最理想的状态是全层(厚度)切除。但是,从部分厚度切除术到黏膜切除术(取决于黏膜浸润深度),已报道的外科治疗技术非常多,甚至还有包括直肠系膜采样的外科治疗技术。局部切除术的标准禁忌证包括:
对 TEM 切除术与根治性手术进行的一项前瞻性比较试验报告,与根治性切除术相比,TEM 切除术的并发症发病率更低,局部复发率和生存率与根治性切除术相似,但临床试验包含的人数不足,无法得出确切的结论。[112]Winde G, Nottberg H, Keller R, et al. Surgical cure for early rectal carcinomas (T1). Transanal endoscopic microsurgery vs. anterior resection. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39:969-976.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8797643?tool=bestpractice.com[113]Suppiah A, Maslekar S, Alabi A, et al. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery in early rectal cancer: time for a trial? Colorectal Dis. 2008;10:314-327.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18190614?tool=bestpractice.com 针对现有数据的一项 meta 分析结果表明,与标准外科手术相比,经肛内镜显微外科手术的并发症更少,但是局部复发率更高,此外两种治疗技术的生存率类似。[114]Sgourakis G, Lanitis S, Gockel I, et al. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery for T1 and T2 rectal cancers: a meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis of outcomes. Am Surg. 2011;77:761-772.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679648?tool=bestpractice.com 如果切缘为阳性,或者病理学显示分期为 pT2,或者肿瘤虽被分级为 pT1,但有不良的组织学特征,则在局部切除术后,需要采用确定性手术或后续放疗。然而,这些病例中的最安全策略仍是实施确定性手术(低位前切除术或经腹会阴联合切除术)。
不适合实施局部切除术的 T1 肿瘤或直肠上三分之一段的 T2 肿瘤,可以通过经腹直肠前切除术联合保留肛门括约肌手术和结直肠吻合术进行治疗。不适合实施局部切除术的直肠中段和下三分之一段肿瘤可以通过低位前切除术 (low anterior resection, LAR) 联合结肠肛门吻合术治疗,某些病例还需实施结肠造袋术或结肠成形术,以改善功能。临时回肠造口术通常会使上述低位吻合术功能丧失,从而降低吻合口瘘的发病率。[115]Montedori A, Cirocchi R, Farinella E, et al. Covering ileo- or colostomy in anterior resection for rectal carcinoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(5):CD006878.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006878.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20464746?tool=bestpractice.com
如果肿瘤侵袭骨盆底、括约肌复合体或肛管,则须实施经腹会阴联合切除术 (Abdominoperineal resection, APR)。经腹会阴联合切除术需要永久性结肠造口。
II-III 期直肠癌
许多医疗中心针对临床 II 期和 III 期直肠癌患者所用的治疗方法是术前放疗同期联合基于氟嘧啶的放化疗,随后实施保留肛门括约肌的低位前切除术或经腹会阴联合切除术,具体取决于肿瘤相对于肛门括约肌的位置关系。
在美国,新辅助放化疗包括 50.4 Gy 剂量的放疗持续使用 5 周联合基于氟嘧啶的同期化疗,这主要基于德国直肠癌研究组试验 (German Rectal Cancer Study Group Trial) 的结果。其他研究证明了类似的结果,新辅助放化疗和辅助放化疗相比,前者的局部复发率更低,但无疾病生存率和长期生存率近似。由于术前放疗可改善患者的术后功能且患者对治疗的耐受性也有所改善,因此,这成为了美国临床 II 期和 III 期直肠癌的治疗标准。
术前治疗方案加入氟嘧啶化疗可以减少局部复发,[116]Sauer R, Liersch T, Merkel S, et al. Preoperative versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer: results of the German CAO/ARO/AIO-94 randomized phase III trial after a median follow-up of 11 years. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:1926-1933.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22529255?tool=bestpractice.com 但无法改善生存,[117]Fiorica F, Cartei F, Licata A, et al. Can chemotherapy concomitantly delivered with radiotherapy improve survival of patients with resectable rectal cancer? A meta-analysis of literature data. Cancer Treat Rev. 2010;36:539-549.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20334979?tool=bestpractice.com 并且会对生活质量各个维度带来负面影响。[118]Tiv M, Puyraveau M, Mineur L, et al. Long-term quality of life in patients with rectal cancer treated with preoperative (chemo)-radiotherapy within a randomized trial. Cancer Radiother. 2010;14:530-534.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20797891?tool=bestpractice.com 3 项研究之中有 1 项研究显示,放化疗方案中增加奥沙利铂并未在短期的治疗终点方面有任何优势。[119]Aschele C, Cionini L, Lonardi S, et al. Primary tumor response to preoperative chemoradiation with or without oxaliplatin in locally advanced rectal cancer: pathologic results of the STAR-01 randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:2773-2780.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21606427?tool=bestpractice.com[120]Gérard JP, Azria D, Gourgou-Bourgade S, et al. Comparison of two neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy regimens for locally advanced rectal cancer: results of the phase III trial ACCORD 12/0405-Prodige 2. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:1638-1644.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20194850?tool=bestpractice.com[121]Gérard JP, Azria D, Gourgou-Bourgade S, et al. Clinical outcome of the ACCORD 12/0405 PRODIGE 2 randomized trial in rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:4558-4565.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23109696?tool=bestpractice.com 然而此疗法增加了并发症,并会导致剂量减少和治疗中断。[122]Rodel C, Liersch T, Becker H, et al. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy and postoperative chemotherapy with fluorouracil and oxaliplatin versus fluorouracil alone in locally advanced rectal cancer: initial results of the German CAO/ARO/AIO-04 randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:679-687.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22627104?tool=bestpractice.com[123]De Caluwé L, Van Nieuwenhove Y, Ceelen WP. Preoperative chemoradiation versus radiation alone for stage II and III resectable rectal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(2):CD006041.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006041.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23450565?tool=bestpractice.com一项针对 6 项临床试验的 meta 分析显示,在新辅助放疗中增加化疗可减少癌症的局部复发,但会增加毒性,在括约肌保留或总生存方面无差异。[124]McCarthy K, Pearson K, Fulton R, et al. Pre-operative chemoradiation for non-metastatic locally advanced rectal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(12):CD008368.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008368.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23235660?tool=bestpractice.com 目前在美国,II 期或 III 期直肠癌新辅助治疗的治疗标准包括同期化疗。
在美国之外的许多国家中,短疗程新辅助放疗已经成为临床 II 期和 III 期直肠癌的治疗标准。具体包括在 1 周的时间中给予 25 Gy 的放射剂量,分五次给予。与传统的长疗程放化疗相比,短疗程放疗后的完全病理学缓解率较低,但长期结局类似。[125]van Gijn W, Marijnen CA, Nagtegaal ID, et al; Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group. Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer: 12-year follow-up of the multicentre, randomised controlled TME trial. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12:575-582.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21596621?tool=bestpractice.com[126]Pettersson D, Cedermark B, Holm T, et al. Interim analysis of the Stockholm III trial of preoperative radiotherapy regimens for rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2010;97:580-587.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20155787?tool=bestpractice.com[127]Ngan SY, Burmeister B, Fisher RJ, et al. Randomized trial of short-course radiotherapy versus long-course chemoradiation comparing rates of local recurrence in patients with T3 rectal cancer: trans-tasman radiation oncology group trial 01.04. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:3827-3833.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23008301?tool=bestpractice.com[128]Bujko K, Nowacki MP, Nasierowska-Guttmejer A, et al. Sphincter preservation following preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer: report of a randomised trial comparing short-term radiotherapy vs. conventionally fractionated radiochemotherapy. Radiother Oncol. 2004;72:15-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15236870?tool=bestpractice.com 它特别适用于较小的未扩散或侵袭至直肠系膜筋膜层的非大体积病变。该治疗策略的主要优点是,有可能避免回肠造口术,且显著减少了治疗次数。
一些医疗中心会选择性地提供术前新辅助治疗,具体取决于肿瘤分期及其距切缘的距离。适宜的治疗选择依据请参阅英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所发表的结直肠癌临床指南。[129]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Colorectal cancer: the diagnosis and management of colorectal cancer. December 2014. http://guidance.nice.org.uk (last accessed 19 July 2017).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG131
当采用术前放射疗法或放化疗时,术后进一步实施氟嘧啶辅助化疗的获益未经证实,且存在争议。[130]Bujko K, Glynne-Jones R, Bujko M. Does adjuvant fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy provide a benefit for patients with resected rectal cancer who have already received neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy? A systematic review of randomised trials. Ann Oncol. 2010;21:1743-1750.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/9/1743.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20231300?tool=bestpractice.com[131]Wong RK, Berry S, Spithoff K, et al; Gastrointestinal Cancer Disease Site Group. Preoperative or postoperative therapy for stage II or III rectal cancer: an updated practice guideline. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2010;22:265-271.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20398849?tool=bestpractice.com[132]Bosset JF, Calais G, Mineur L, et al; EORTC Radiation Oncology Group. Fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy after preoperative chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer: long-term results of the EORTC 22921 randomised study. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:184-190.http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045(13)70599-0/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24440473?tool=bestpractice.com 当未采用术前放射疗法或放化疗时,如果发现不良组织病理学特征,则可以在术后联用辅助治疗方法,且应尽早为需要经腹会阴联合切除术的患者提供。[133]Kim TW, Lee JH, Lee JH, et al. Randomized trial of postoperative adjuvant therapy in stage II and III rectal cancer to define the optimal sequence of chemotherapy and radiotherapy: 10-year follow-up. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;81:1025-1031.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20932669?tool=bestpractice.com 术后放射疗法作为单一治疗方法已经过时。
伴有可切除性转移病灶的 IV 期直肠癌
大约 15-25% 的结直肠癌患者会同时出现肝、肺和腹膜转移。切除肺转移或肝转移且肿瘤切缘阴性,可以显著改善预后。结直肠癌转移切除术后患者的 5 年生存率达到 50%,而未实施切除术的患者的 5 年生存率几乎为 0%。[134]Choti MA, Sitzmann JV, Tiburi MF, et al. Trends in long term survival following liver resection for hepatic colorectal metastases. Ann Surg. 2002;235:759-766.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1422504&blobtype=pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12035031?tool=bestpractice.com 如果肝外部位存在无法切除的肿瘤,则不得实施肝转移切除术。确定可切除性的标准不断演变,且标准不再仅限于切除数目、大小和切缘以及肝脏病变部位,但更能反映保留至少 30% 的肝功能,且保持足够的血管和胆汁引流的 R0 手术实现的可能性。
潜在可切除性肝转移患者的替代治疗选择是肝转移病灶和原发性肿瘤的分期或同时切除联合术后疗法(联用或不联用盆腔放射疗法,具体取决于肿瘤的 T 和 N 分期)、单一术前化疗或放化疗,继而实施肝转移病灶和直肠肿瘤的分期或同时切除以及术后辅助治疗(取决于直肠肿瘤的 T 和 N 分期)。前者可能更适合患有明确可切除的转移性疾病的患者,后者更适合患有临界或初诊不可切除的转移性疾病的患者。[135]Pozzo C, Basso M, Cassano A, et al. Neoadjuvant treatment of unresectable liver disease with irinotecan and 5-fluorouracil plus folinic acid in colorectal cancer patients. Ann Oncol. 2004;15:933-939.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/15/6/933http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15151951?tool=bestpractice.com
I-III 期结肠癌
对于未发生转移的患者,主要治疗方法是结肠切除术联合局部淋巴结全清扫。结肠切除术的范围取决于结肠节段和包含局部淋巴结的动脉弓的切除。准确分期需要切除和检查至少 12 个淋巴结。 [136]Maak M, Simon I, Nitsche U, et al. Independent validation of a prognostic genomic signature (ColoPrint) for patients with stage II colon cancer. Ann Surg. 2013;257:1053-1058.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23295318?tool=bestpractice.com[137]Venook AP, Niedzwiecki D, Lopatin M, et al. Biologic determinants of tumor recurrence in stage II colon cancer: validation study of the 12-gene recurrence score in cancer and leukemia group B (CALGB) 9581. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:1775-1781.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3641698/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23530100?tool=bestpractice.com 梗阻性癌症可以通过外科切除术联合临时改道术或切除术后内窥镜下临时支架植入术(较少使用,且限于非常特殊的情况)进行治疗。
应向 III 期疾病患者给予辅助化疗。[138]Jonker DJ, Spithoff K, Maroun J; Gastrointestinal Cancer Disease Site Group of Cancer Care Ontario’s Program in Evidence-based Care. Adjuvant systemic chemotherapy for stage II and III colon cancer after complete resection: an updated practice guideline. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2011;23:314-322.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21397476?tool=bestpractice.com 评估术后氟尿嘧啶和亚叶酸治疗的初步研究显示,无疾病进展生存期和总生存期在观察期内有改善,但对于 III 期疾病患者,在氟尿嘧啶和亚叶酸治疗基础上增加奥沙利铂可明显改善患者 6 年和 10 年的生存获益。[139]André T, Boni C, Navarro M, et al. Improved overall survival with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment in stage II or III colon cancer in the MOSAIC trial. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:3109-3116.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/27/19/3109.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19451431?tool=bestpractice.com[140]André T, de Gramont A, Vernerey D, et al. Adjuvant fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin in stage II to III colon cancer: updated 10-Year survival and outcomes according to BRAF mutation and mismatch repair status of the MOSAIC study. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:4176-4187.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26527776?tool=bestpractice.com[141]Schmoll HJ, Tabernero J, Maroun J, et al. Capecitabine plus oxaliplatin compared with fluorouracil/folinic acid as adjuvant therapy for stage III colon cancer: final results of the NO16968 randomized controlled phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:3733-3740.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2015.60.9107http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26324362?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,与转移性疾病类似,氟尿嘧啶和亚叶酸联用奥沙利铂 (FOLFOX) 与卡培他滨联用奥沙利铂(CAPEOX 或 XELOX)具有相同的疗效。[91]Haller DG, Tabernero J, Maroun J, et al. Capecitabine plus oxaliplatin compared with fluorouracil and folinic acid as adjuvant therapy for stage III colon cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:1465-1471.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21383294?tool=bestpractice.com 虽然已显示在转移性疾病情况下有活性,但伊立替康、贝伐珠单抗和西妥昔单抗作为辅助治疗时并未显示可显著改善无疾病生存期或总生存期,因此不应使用。[142]Saltz LB, Niedzwiecki D, Hollis D, et al. Irinotecan fluorouracil plus leucovorin is not superior to fluorouracil plus leucovorin alone as adjuvant treatment for stage III colon cancer: results of CALGB 89803. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3456-3461.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/25/23/3456.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17687149?tool=bestpractice.com[143]Allegra CJ, Yothers G, O'Connell MJ, et al. Phase III trial assessing bevacizumab in stages II and III carcinoma of the colon: results of NSABP protocol C-08. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:11-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20940184?tool=bestpractice.com[144]de Gramont A, Van Cutsem E, Schmoll HJ, et al. Bevacizumab plus oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy as adjuvant treatment for colon cancer (AVANT): a phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:1225-1233.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23168362?tool=bestpractice.com[145]Allegra CJ, Yothers G, O'Connell MJ, et al. Bevacizumab in stage II-III colon cancer: 5-year update of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project C-08 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:359-364.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/31/3/359.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23233715?tool=bestpractice.com[146]Taieb J, Tabernero J, Mini E, et al. Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin with or without cetuximab in patients with resected stage III colon cancer (PETACC-8): an open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:862-873.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24928083?tool=bestpractice.com 虽然尚未评估作为辅助治疗的情况,但考虑到西妥昔单抗在作为辅助治疗时缺乏疗效,因此不建议使用帕尼单抗。当给予辅助治疗时,应在术后 8 周内开始实施。[147]Des Guetz G, Nicolas P, Perret GY, et al. Does delaying adjuvant chemotherapy after curative surgery for colorectal cancer impair survival? A meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46:1049-1055.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20138505?tool=bestpractice.com 一项 meta 分析显示,辅助化学疗法持续时间延长 4 周会导致无病生存率和总生存率显著下降。[148]Biagi JJ, Raphael MJ, Mackillop WJ, et al. Association between time to initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy and survival in colorectal cancer. JAMA. 2011;305:2335-2342.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21642686?tool=bestpractice.com 6 个月里给予辅助治疗,在没有疾病复发的情况下,后续治疗没有明显作用。
虽然建议所有适合的 III 期结肠腺癌患者均可接受辅助化疗,但辅助化疗在 II 期患者中的作用仍不清楚。不过亚组分析表明,尽管获益程度较低,潜在高风险 II 期疾病患者也能从辅助治疗中获益。[139]André T, Boni C, Navarro M, et al. Improved overall survival with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment in stage II or III colon cancer in the MOSAIC trial. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:3109-3116.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/27/19/3109.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19451431?tool=bestpractice.com 美国临床肿瘤学协会 (American Society of Clinical Oncology) 得出结论,高风险 II 期疾病患者可合理采用本治疗方法,包括淋巴结采样不足(<12 个结节)、T4 病变、穿孔或组织学分化不良的患者。[149]Figueredo A, Coombes ME, Mukherjee S. Adjuvant therapy for completely resected stage II colon cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(3):CD005390.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18646127?tool=bestpractice.com 国家综合癌症网络 (National Comprehensive Cancer Network) 也表示,淋巴血管和神经周围侵袭为高风险特征,存在该类特征的患者可能会从辅助化疗中获益。II 期患者的辅助化疗与 III 期患者的建议疗法类似,包括氟尿嘧啶、亚叶酸和奥沙利铂,或者是卡培他滨和奥沙利铂,但 70 岁以上的 II 期疾病患者例外,该类患者是否可从加用奥沙利铂中获益仍有争议。[150]Blanke CD, Bot BM, Thomas DM, et al. Impact of young age on treatment efficacy and safety in advanced colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of patients from nine first-line phase III chemotherapy trials. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:2781-2786.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21646604?tool=bestpractice.com[151]Tournigand C, André T, Bonnetain F, et al. Adjuvant therapy with fluorouracil and oxaliplatin in stage II and elderly patients (between ages 70 and 75 years) with colon cancer: Subgroup analyses of the multicenter international study of oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin in the adjuvant treatment of colon cancer trial. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:3353-3360.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22915656?tool=bestpractice.com 与高风险患者相比,II 期结肠癌患者如果具有高水平的微卫星不稳性(高 MSI)或有缺陷的错配修复 (dMMR),其预后总体良好,如果接受辅助化疗可能会不利于总生存期。[152]Sargent DJ, Marsoni S, Monges G, et al. Defective mismatch repair as a predictive marker for lack of efficacy of fluorouracil-based adjuvant therapy in colon cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:3219-3226.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/28/20/3219.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20498393?tool=bestpractice.com
伴有可切除性转移病灶的 IV 期结肠癌
在外科手术相对于化学疗法的时机和最佳化学疗法方案方面,可切除性转移患者的治疗遵循直肠癌可切除转移患者治疗的原则。
伴有不可切除性转移病灶或不能实施外科手术的 IV 期结直肠癌
在这种情况下,此治疗成为了姑息疗法(而非而治愈疗法)的一部分,并且治疗的目标是延长总生存期,维持生活质量。虽然全身性治疗是主要治疗方法,但也可采用其他的肝脏靶向治疗机制,例如微波消融、肝动脉输注、经动脉化疗栓塞或放疗栓塞,不过,评估这些治疗的总体影响的随机对照数据有限。[153]Clark ME, Smith RR. Liver-directed therapies in metastatic colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2014;5:374-387.http://www.thejgo.org/article/view/3073/3545http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25276410?tool=bestpractice.com[154]De Groote K, Prenen H. Intrahepatic therapy for liver-dominant metastatic colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2015;7:148-152.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4569592/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26380058?tool=bestpractice.com[155]Jones C, Badger SA, Ellis G. The role of microwave ablation in the management of hepatic colorectal metastases. Surgeon. 2011;9:33-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21195329?tool=bestpractice.com 直肠癌患者可能需要针对原发性肿瘤的附加治疗,以控制症状。这些治疗方法包括梗阻性肿瘤内镜支架置入术、放射疗法、激光管道重接术、改道性结肠造口术或手术切除原发肿瘤(如果患者的健康状况适合接受这些治疗方法)。接受最佳支持疗法的播散性疾病患者的预计生存期约为 6 个月。使用氟尿嘧啶/亚叶酸可以将生存期延长到大约 10 至 12 个月,而奥沙利铂联用氟尿嘧啶/亚叶酸以及伊立替康联用氟尿嘧啶/亚叶酸可以将生存期延长到 20 至 21 个月,[156]Fuchs CS, Marshall J, Barrueco J. Randomized, controlled trial of irinotecan plus infusional, bolus, or oral fluoropyrimidines in first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: updated results from the BICC-C study. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:689-690.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18235136?tool=bestpractice.com[157]Tournigand C, Cervantes A, Figer A, et al. OPTIMOX1: a randomized study of FOLFOX4 or FOLFOX7 with oxaliplatin in a stop-and-Go fashion in advanced colorectal cancer - a GERCOR study. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:394-400.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/24/3/394.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16421419?tool=bestpractice.com 向该主要治疗方案中添加生物制剂可将生存期延长至约 27 至 33 个月。[158]Venook AP, Niedzwiecki D, Lenz H-J, et al. CALGB/SWOG 80405: Phase III trial of irinotecan/5-FU/leucovorin (FOLFIRI) or oxaliplatin/5-FU/leucovorin (mFOLFOX6) with bevacizumab (BV) or cetuximab (CET) for patients (pts) with KRAS wild-type (wt) untreated metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum (MCRC). ASCO Meeting Abstracts 2014;32(suppl 18):LBA3.http://meetinglibrary.asco.org/content/126013-144
大多数因不可切除性 IV 期结直肠癌而接受全身性治疗的患者会采用两种主要化疗药物加一种生物制剂的治疗方案。主要化疗药物通常为氟尿嘧啶/亚叶酸联合奥沙利铂(FOLFOX 或 FLOX)或伊立替康 (FOLFIRI)。在与奥沙利铂联用时,可使用卡培他滨代替氟尿嘧啶/亚叶酸,两者具有同等疗效,[159]Cassidy J, Clarke S, Díaz-Rubio E, et al. Randomized phase III study of capecitabine plus oxaliplatin compared with fluorouracil/folinic acid plus oxaliplatin as first-line therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:2006-2012.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/12/2006.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18421053?tool=bestpractice.com[160]Rothenberg ML, Cox JV, Butts C, et al. Capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (XELOX) versus 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid plus oxaliplatin (FOLFOX-4) as second-line therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: a randomized phase III noninferiority study. Ann Oncol. 2008;19:1720-1726.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/10/1720.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18550577?tool=bestpractice.com 但在卡培他滨和伊立替康的临床试验中发现的不良事件排除了这种联合治疗。[156]Fuchs CS, Marshall J, Barrueco J. Randomized, controlled trial of irinotecan plus infusional, bolus, or oral fluoropyrimidines in first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: updated results from the BICC-C study. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:689-690.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18235136?tool=bestpractice.com 在转移性结直肠癌患者治疗中,使用的两类主要生物制剂是:血管内皮生长因子 (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF) 抑制剂和表皮生长因子受体 (epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR) 拮抗剂。贝伐珠单抗是一种 VEGF-A 抑制剂,在一线及后续各线治疗中与含奥沙利铂及含伊立替康方案联用时显示出获益,包括在采用含贝伐珠单抗方案治疗期间出现疾病进展后继续使用贝伐珠单抗的情况。[161]Fuchs CS, Marshall J, Mitchell E, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of irinotecan plus infusional, bolus, or oral fluoropyrimidines in first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: results from the BICC-C Study. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:4779-4786.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/25/30/4779.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17947725?tool=bestpractice.com[162]Saltz LB, Clarke S, Díaz-Rubio E, et al. Bevacizumab in combination with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy as first-line therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: a randomized phase III study. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:2013-2019.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18421054?tool=bestpractice.com[163]Giantonio BJ, Catalano PJ, Meropol NJ, et al.; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E3200. Bevacizumab in combination with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin (FOLFOX4) for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer: results from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E3200. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:1539-1544.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17442997?tool=bestpractice.com[164]Bennouna J, Sastre J, Arnold D, et al. Continuation of bevacizumab after first progression in metastatic colorectal cancer (ML18147): a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14:29-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23168366?tool=bestpractice.com 在使用含有奥沙利铂的方案(联合或不联合贝伐珠单抗)出现疾病进展后,其他两种血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF) 抑制剂阿柏西普和雷莫芦单抗被批准可与 FOLFIRI 联用。[165]Van Cutsem E, Tabernero J, Lakomy R, et al. Addition of aflibercept to fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan improves survival in a phase III randomized trial in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer previously treated with an oxaliplatin-based regimen. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:3499-3506.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22949147?tool=bestpractice.com[166]Tabernero J, Yoshino T, Cohn AL, et al. Ramucirumab versus placebo in combination with second-line FOLFIRI in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma that progressed during or after first-line therapy with bevacizumab, oxaliplatin, and a fluoropyrimidine (RAISE): a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:499-508.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25877855?tool=bestpractice.com 最后,瑞格非尼是一种具有抗 VEGF 特性的口服多激酶抑制剂,显示在使用所有其他各线治疗期间出现疾病进展后,其作为单药使用时相比安慰剂可适度改善总生存期。[167]Grothey A, Van Cutsem E, Sobrero A, et al; CORRECT Study Group. Regorafenib monotherapy for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (CORRECT): an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2013;381:303-312.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23177514?tool=bestpractice.com 目前有两种获准用于转移性结直肠癌患者的 EGFR 抑制剂——西妥昔单抗和帕尼单抗。虽然最初的这些 EGFR 抑制剂研究是在未经选择的人群中进行的,但回顾性分析显示,这些药物的效益仅限于无 KRAS 外显子 2 突变的患者。[168]Amado RG, Wolf M, Peeters M, et al. Wild-type KRAS is required for panitumumab efficacy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1626-1634.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/10/1626.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18316791?tool=bestpractice.com[169]Karapetis CS, Khambata-Ford S, Jonker DJ, et al. K-ras mutations and benefit from cetuximab in advanced colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1757-1765.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0804385#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18946061?tool=bestpractice.com 附加分析表明,这种益处进一步仅限于那些没有 KRAS 或 NRAS 外显子 2、3 或 4 突变的患者。[170]Douillard JY, Oliner KS, Siena S, et al. Panitumumab-FOLFOX4 treatment and RAS mutations in colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1023-1034.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1305275#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24024839?tool=bestpractice.com[171]Bokemeyer C, Kohne C-H, Ciardiello F, et al. Treatment outcome according to tumor RAS mutation status in OPUS study patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) randomized to FOLFOX4 with/without cetuximab. ASCO Meeting Abstracts 2014;32(15_suppl):3505.[172]Van Cutsem E, Lenz HJ, Köhne C2, et al. Fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan plus cetuximab treatment and RAS mutations in colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:692-700.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/33/7/692.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25605843?tool=bestpractice.com 在 NRAS 和 KRAS 野生型人群中,西妥昔单抗和帕尼单抗均可与含奥沙利铂和伊立替康的治疗方案在一线或后续各线治疗中联用;同样,也可在至少进行一次全身治疗出现疾病进展后作为单药使用。[168]Amado RG, Wolf M, Peeters M, et al. Wild-type KRAS is required for panitumumab efficacy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1626-1634.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/10/1626.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18316791?tool=bestpractice.com[170]Douillard JY, Oliner KS, Siena S, et al. Panitumumab-FOLFOX4 treatment and RAS mutations in colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1023-1034.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1305275#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24024839?tool=bestpractice.com[171]Bokemeyer C, Kohne C-H, Ciardiello F, et al. Treatment outcome according to tumor RAS mutation status in OPUS study patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) randomized to FOLFOX4 with/without cetuximab. ASCO Meeting Abstracts 2014;32(15_suppl):3505.[172]Van Cutsem E, Lenz HJ, Köhne C2, et al. Fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan plus cetuximab treatment and RAS mutations in colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:692-700.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/33/7/692.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25605843?tool=bestpractice.com[173]Peeters M, Oliner KS, Price TJ, et al. Analysis of KRAS/NRAS mutations in phase 3 study 20050181 of panitumumab (pmab) plus FOLFIRI versus FOLFIRI for second-line treatment (tx) of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). ASCO Meeting Abstracts 2014;32(3_suppl):LBA387. [
]What are the effects of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor monoclonal antibodies for people with KRAS exon 2 genotype metastatic colorectal cancer?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1865/full显示答案
研究显示,患者可接受含奥沙利铂或含伊立替康方案与贝伐珠单抗或西妥昔单抗进行联合治疗,此时,无疾病进展生存期或总生存期无任何显著差异。[158]Venook AP, Niedzwiecki D, Lenz H-J, et al. CALGB/SWOG 80405: Phase III trial of irinotecan/5-FU/leucovorin (FOLFIRI) or oxaliplatin/5-FU/leucovorin (mFOLFOX6) with bevacizumab (BV) or cetuximab (CET) for patients (pts) with KRAS wild-type (wt) untreated metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum (MCRC). ASCO Meeting Abstracts 2014;32(suppl 18):LBA3.http://meetinglibrary.asco.org/content/126013-144[174]Venook AP, Niedzwiecki D, Lenz HJ, et al. Effect of first-line chemotherapy combined with cetuximab or bevacizumab on overall survival in patients with KRAS wild-type advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;317:2392-2401.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28632865?tool=bestpractice.com
此外,已证明氟尿嘧啶、亚叶酸、奥沙利铂和伊立替康 (FOLFOXIRI) 加贝伐珠单抗可改善无疾病进展生存期,但与一线治疗中使用 FOLFIRI 和贝伐珠单抗相比,其在总生存期方面无统计学显著改善。不过这一联合用药方案与显著毒性相关,仅保留用于最适合的患者。[175]Loupakis F, Cremolini C, Masi G, et al. Initial therapy with FOLFOXIRI and bevacizumab for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1609-1618.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1403108#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25337750?tool=bestpractice.com 在美国,转移性结直肠癌患者最常使用的一线治疗是 FOLFOX 或 CAPEOX 加贝伐珠单抗。治疗持续时间取决于耐受性,但研究支持于 6-8 个 FOLFOX 或 CAPEOX 疗程联合贝伐珠单抗治疗后采取维持治疗策略(氟尿嘧啶/亚叶酸或卡培他滨和贝伐珠单抗),并在疾病进展时加入奥沙利铂。[176]Grothey A, Hart LL, Rowland KM, et al. Intermittent oxaliplatin (oxali) administration and time-to-treatment-failure (TTF) in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): Final results of the phase III CONcePT trial. ASCO Meeting Abstracts 2008;26(15_suppl):4010.[177]Yalcin S, Uslu R, Dane F, et al. Bevacizumab + capecitabine as maintenance therapy after initial bevacizumab + XELOX treatment in previously untreated patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: phase III 'Stop and Go' study results - a Turkish Oncology Group Trial. Oncology. 2013;85:328-335.http://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/355914http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24247559?tool=bestpractice.com 或者,采用足量疗法和维持治疗尚未证实比采用足量疗法后中断治疗有优势。[178]Labianca R, Sobrero A, Isa L, et al; Italian Group for the Study of Gastrointestinal Cancer-GISCAD. Intermittent versus continuous chemotherapy in advanced colorectal cancer: a randomised 'GISCAD' trial. Ann Oncol. 2011;22:1236-1242.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21078826?tool=bestpractice.com[179]Adams RA, Meade AM, Seymour MT, et al. Intermittent versus continuous oxaliplatin and fluoropyrimidine combination chemotherapy for first-line treatment of advanced colorectal cancer: results of the randomised phase 3 MRC COIN trial. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12:642-653.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3159416/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21641867?tool=bestpractice.com[180]Simkens LH, van Tinteren H, May A, et al. Maintenance treatment with capecitabine and bevacizumab in metastatic colorectal cancer (CAIRO3): a phase 3 randomised controlled trial of the Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group. Lancet. 2015;385:1843-1852.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25862517?tool=bestpractice.com
采用含奥沙利铂和含贝伐珠单抗方案治疗期间出现疾病进展时,如果患者的体能状态仍保存较好,则患者可改用 FOLFIRI 和贝伐珠单抗;或者,使用贝伐珠单抗代替阿柏西普或雷莫芦单抗,或者是西妥昔单抗或帕尼单抗(若患者为 KRAS 和 NRAS 野生型)。此方案可持续至疾病进展,之后如上文所述,可维持治疗或中断治疗。在疾病进展期间,如果患者未接受过抗-EGFR 治疗则可考虑使用抗-EGFR 治疗,或使用瑞格非尼。