在欧洲,莱姆病由阿氏疏螺旋体、伽氏疏螺旋体和狭义伯氏疏螺旋体引起。[2]Wormser GP, Dattwyler RJ, Shapiro ED, et al. The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Nov 1;43(9):1089-134.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/9/1089.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17029130?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Hengge UR, Tannapfel A, Tyring SK, et al. Lyme borreliosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003 Aug;3(8):489-500.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12901891?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Steere AC, Coburn J, Glickstein L. The emergence of Lyme disease. J Clin Invest. 2004 Apr;113(8):1093-101.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC385417/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15085185?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Wang G, Schwartz I, et al. Diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005 Jul;18(3):484-509.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1195970/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16020686?tool=bestpractice.com 在亚洲,莱姆病主要由伽氏疏螺旋体和阿氏疏螺旋体引起。[2]Wormser GP, Dattwyler RJ, Shapiro ED, et al. The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Nov 1;43(9):1089-134.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/9/1089.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17029130?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Hengge UR, Tannapfel A, Tyring SK, et al. Lyme borreliosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003 Aug;3(8):489-500.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12901891?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Steere AC, Coburn J, Glickstein L. The emergence of Lyme disease. J Clin Invest. 2004 Apr;113(8):1093-101.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC385417/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15085185?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Wang G, Schwartz I, et al. Diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005 Jul;18(3):484-509.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1195970/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16020686?tool=bestpractice.com 在美国,莱姆病由伯氏疏螺旋体引起,通过肩突硬蜱和太平洋硬蜱传播。
伯氏疏螺旋体具有特征性的 7 至 11 个鞭毛,外膜含有丰富的外膜蛋白 (outer surface protein, Osp)。这些蛋白用字母 A 至 F 表示,由质粒编码。OspA 和 OspC 可用于研发抗莱姆病的疫苗。[3]Hengge UR, Tannapfel A, Tyring SK, et al. Lyme borreliosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003 Aug;3(8):489-500.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12901891?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Steere AC. Lyme disease. N Engl J Med. 2001 Jul 12;345(2):115-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11450660?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Stanek G, Strle F. Lyme borreliosis. Lancet. 2003 Nov 15;362(9396):1639-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14630446?tool=bestpractice.com
伯氏疏螺旋体的主要宿主是小鼠、田鼠、松鼠、鸟类和其他小型动物。鹿不是伯氏疏螺旋体的主要宿主,但它是作为传播媒介的成年硬蜱的主要宿主。
肩突硬蜱是美国东北部和中西部莱姆病的主要传播媒介。虽然硬蜱生长的三个阶段(蛹、幼虫、成虫)都可以传播感染,但是春季和夏初时硬蜱处于幼虫期,是最容易传播感染的阶段。在美国中西部北端,已有关于广义伯氏疏螺旋体的一种新致病基因型群(建议的新名称:梅奥疏螺旋体 [B mayonii])的记录。从人类和肩突硬蜱蜱虫中分离出了该病原体并进行了基因学鉴定。梅奥疏螺旋体 (B mayonii) 可引起莱姆疏螺旋体病伴异常高的螺旋体血症。[16]Pritt BS, Mead PS, Johnson DK, et al. Identification of a novel pathogenic Borrelia species causing Lyme borreliosis with unusually high spirochaetaemia: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016 May;16(5):556-64.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4975683/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26856777?tool=bestpractice.com
蓖麻硬蜱是欧洲的主要传播媒介,全沟硬蜱是亚洲的主要传播媒介。[3]Hengge UR, Tannapfel A, Tyring SK, et al. Lyme borreliosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003 Aug;3(8):489-500.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12901891?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Steere AC, Coburn J, Glickstein L. The emergence of Lyme disease. J Clin Invest. 2004 Apr;113(8):1093-101.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC385417/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15085185?tool=bestpractice.com 在美国西海岸,太平洋硬蜱是主要的传播媒介。[3]Hengge UR, Tannapfel A, Tyring SK, et al. Lyme borreliosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003 Aug;3(8):489-500.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12901891?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Steere AC, Coburn J, Glickstein L. The emergence of Lyme disease. J Clin Invest. 2004 Apr;113(8):1093-101.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC385417/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15085185?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 鹿蜱(或黑腿蜱)属于肩突硬蜱;这张图片显示其在草叶上等待捕食CDC 图像库 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 在高倍显微镜下,数字彩色化扫描电子显微图显示了三种革兰阴性、厌氧的伯氏疏螺旋体细菌,均来源于纯培养CDC 图像库 [Citation ends].