健康的椎间盘具有非常稳固的结构。 它由被称为髓核的可变形的,不可压缩的半流体胶状物及环绕其周的组织严密的纤维环构成。 纤维环可对抗来自多方向的压力并且可维护椎间盘稳定性。 在健康状态时,椎间盘是体内最大的无血管结构。 对于健康人群,椎间盘是体内最大的无血运结构。 在细胞水平,它由软骨细胞,蛋白多糖,细胞外基质及水组成。
正常的生理节律允许进出椎间盘的液体交换。髓核脱水导致退行性变,从而导致细胞水平连锁反应。[20]Adams MA, Dolan P, Hutton WC, et al. Diurnal changes in spinal mechanics and their clinical significance. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1990 Mar;72(2):266-70.http://www.bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/72-B/2/266.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2138156?tool=bestpractice.com 这包括蛋白多糖种类及成份的改变,软骨细胞丢失,细胞凋亡以及硫酸软骨素聚集。[21]Lyons G, Eisenstein SM, Sweet MB. Biochemical changes in intervertebral disc degeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1981 Apr 3;673(4):443-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7225426?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Urban JP, McMullin JF. Swelling pressure of the lumbar intervertebral discs: influence of age, spinal level, composition and degeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1988 Feb;13(2):179-87.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3406838?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Frobin W, Brinckmann P, Kramer M, et al. Height of lumbar discs measured from radiographs compared with degeneration and height classified from MR images. Eur Radiol. 2001;11(2):263-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11218025?tool=bestpractice.com 椎间盘退变导致负荷时压力分布异常。[14]McNally DS, Shackleford IM, Goodship AE, et al. In vivo stress measurement can predict pain on discography. Spine. 1996 Nov 15;21(22):2580-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8961445?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Adams MA, McNally DS, Dolan P. "Stress" distributions inside intervertebral discs. The effects of age and degeneration. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1996 Nov;78(6):965-72.http://www.bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/78-B/6/965.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8951017?tool=bestpractice.com 纤维环环形或放射状撕裂形成,[15]Sachs BL, Vanharanta H, Spivey MA, et al. Dallas discogram description. A new classification of CT/discography in low-back disorders. Spine. 1987 Apr;12(3):287-94.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2954226?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Vanharanta H, Sachs BL, Spivey MA, et al. The relationship of pain provocation to lumbar disc deterioration as seen by CT/discography. Spine. 1987 Apr;12(3):295-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3589823?tool=bestpractice.com 炎症因子的释放,[25]Kang JD, Georgescu HI, McIntyre-Larkin L, et al. Herniated lumbar intervertebral discs spontaneously produced matrix metalloproteinases, nitric oxide, interleukin-6, and prostaglandin E2. Spine. 1996 Feb 1;21(3):271-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8742201?tool=bestpractice.com 以及纤维环内痛觉感受器致敏。[26]Bogduk N, Tynan W, Wilson AS. The nerve supply to the human lumbar intervertebral discs. J Anat. 1981 Jan;132(Pt 1):39-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1233394/pdf/janat00225-0045.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7275791?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Hirsch C, Ingelmark B, Miller M. The anatomical basis for low back pain: studies on the presence of sensory nerve endings in ligamentous, capsular, and intervertebral disc structures in the human lumbar spine. Acta Orthop Scand. 1963;33:1-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13961170?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Jackson HC, Winkelmann RK, Bickel WH. Nerve endings in the human lumbar spinal column and related structures. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1966 Oct;48(7):1272-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5921784?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Ohtori S, Takahashi K, Chiba T, et al. Sensory innervation of the dorsal portion of the lumbar intervertebral discs in rats. Spine. 2001 Apr 15;26(8):946-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11317119?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Ohtori S, Takahashi K, Chiba T, et al. Substance P and calcitonin gene- related peptide immunoreactive sensory DRG neurons innervating the lumbar intervertebral discs in rats. Ann Anat. 2002 May;184(3):235-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12056753?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Ozawa T, Aoki Y, Ohtori S, et al. The dorsal portion of the lumbar inter-vertebral disc is innervated primarily by small peptide-containing dorsal root ganglion neurons in rats. Neurosci Lett. 2003 Jun 19;344(1):65-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12781923?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Peng B, Hao J, Hou S, et al. Possible pathogenesis of painful intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006 Mar 1;31(5):560-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16508552?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Peng B, Chen J, Kuang Z, et al. Expression and role of connective tissue growth factor in painful disc fibrosis and degeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009 Mar 1;34(5):E178-82.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19247157?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Freemond AJ. The cellular pathobiology of the degenerate intervertebral disc and discogenic back pain. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009;48:5-10. 椎间盘外围轮廓可能保持完整而内侧面出现多种炎性及退行性改变。
椎间盘退行性变化的进展可能导致额外的疼痛表现,包括椎间盘高度下降及关节突关节病,椎间盘突出以及神经根刺激症状,[1]Olmarker K, Rydevik B. Disc herniation and sciatica; the basic science platform. In: Gunzburg R, Szpalski M, eds. Lumbar Disc Herniation. Philadelphia: Lippincott. Williams & Wilkins; 2002:31-7. 以及肥厚性改变导致脊柱狭窄。[2]Postacchini F, Gumina S, Cinotti G, et al. Ligamenta flava in lumbar disc herniation and spinal stenosis. Light and electron microscopic morphology. Spine. 1994 Apr 15;19(8):917-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8009349?tool=bestpractice.com 因此,椎间盘退行性疾病患者可表现为从局部轻压痛至极严重根性疼痛及下肢症状等各种不同症状。