标准治疗方法
自身免疫性肝炎的自然病程表明,未经治疗的自身免疫性肝炎的预后不良,5 年存活率为 50%,10 年存活率为 10%。[21]Strassburg CP, Manns MP. Treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Semin Liver Dis. 2009;29:273-285.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19676000?tool=bestpractice.com免疫抑制疗法可以显著提高存活率。一项安慰剂对照的免疫抑制治疗临床试验,提供了自身免疫性肝炎治疗的支持性证据,其特征在于肝酶和免疫球蛋白水平升高或界面性肝炎或坏死性炎症活动的组织学证据。[43]Kirk AP, Jain S, Pocock S, et al. Late results of the Royal Free Hospital prospective controlled trial of prednisolone therapy in hepatitis B surface antigen negative chronic active hepatitis. Gut. 1980;21:78-83.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1419564/pdf/gut00434-0092.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6988304?tool=bestpractice.com
当风险明显大于获益时,等待肝移植的失代偿性患者以及无炎症因素的慢性肝硬化患者,都不应进行自身免疫性肝炎治疗。[21]Strassburg CP, Manns MP. Treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Semin Liver Dis. 2009;29:273-285.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19676000?tool=bestpractice.com
大约 65% 患者的病情会在治疗开始后的 18 个月内进入缓解期,80% 患者的病情会在 3 年内进入缓解期,从开始治疗到进入缓解期的平均持续时间是 22 个月。[1]Manns MP, Czaja AJ, Gorham JD, et al. Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2010;51:2193-2213.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23584/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20513004?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Czaja AJ, Freese DK. American Association for the Study of Liver Disease. Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2002;36:479-497.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1053/jhep.2002.34944/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12143059?tool=bestpractice.com 成人患者的病情在 12 个月内缓解的病例较为罕见,且病情缓解的可能性会在 2 年后降低。一旦疾病处于缓解期,大约 80% 的患者可以采用硫唑嘌呤单药治疗方案,成功进行维持治疗。[1]Manns MP, Czaja AJ, Gorham JD, et al. Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2010;51:2193-2213.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23584/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20513004?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Czaja AJ, Freese DK. American Association for the Study of Liver Disease. Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2002;36:479-497.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1053/jhep.2002.34944/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12143059?tool=bestpractice.com
在病情进入缓解期的患者中,20%-100% 的患者会复发,具体取决于停服药物前的组织学检查结果。[1]Manns MP, Czaja AJ, Gorham JD, et al. Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2010;51:2193-2213.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23584/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20513004?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Czaja AJ, Freese DK. American Association for the Study of Liver Disease. Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2002;36:479-497.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1053/jhep.2002.34944/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12143059?tool=bestpractice.com 组织学表现正常的患者的复发率达到 20%,但是治疗终止时患有门管区肝炎的患者在 6 个月内的复发率达到 50%。[1]Manns MP, Czaja AJ, Gorham JD, et al. Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2010;51:2193-2213.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23584/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20513004?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Czaja AJ, Freese DK. American Association for the Study of Liver Disease. Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2002;36:479-497.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1053/jhep.2002.34944/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12143059?tool=bestpractice.com 治疗期间进展为肝硬化的患者或者停服药物时患有界面性肝炎的患者通常会复发。[1]Manns MP, Czaja AJ, Gorham JD, et al. Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2010;51:2193-2213.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23584/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20513004?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Czaja AJ, Freese DK. American Association for the Study of Liver Disease. Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2002;36:479-497.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1053/jhep.2002.34944/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12143059?tool=bestpractice.com
与停服药物后维持缓解的患者相比,病情复发的患者进展为下列疾病的频率更高:肝硬化(40%:18%)、食管血管曲张患病(25%:15%)以及因肝衰竭病死(15%:4%)。
至少 9% 的成人患者和 5%-15% 的儿童患者会对标准治疗方案产生抵抗性。[1]Manns MP, Czaja AJ, Gorham JD, et al. Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2010;51:2193-2213.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23584/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20513004?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Czaja AJ, Freese DK. American Association for the Study of Liver Disease. Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2002;36:479-497.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1053/jhep.2002.34944/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12143059?tool=bestpractice.com
大约 13% 的患者会面临治疗反应不完全的尴尬境地。[1]Manns MP, Czaja AJ, Gorham JD, et al. Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2010;51:2193-2213.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23584/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20513004?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Czaja AJ, Freese DK. American Association for the Study of Liver Disease. Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2002;36:479-497.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1053/jhep.2002.34944/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12143059?tool=bestpractice.com
大约 13% 的患者因药物毒性而提前终止或更换常规疗法。[1]Manns MP, Czaja AJ, Gorham JD, et al. Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2010;51:2193-2213.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23584/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20513004?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Czaja AJ, Freese DK. American Association for the Study of Liver Disease. Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2002;36:479-497.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1053/jhep.2002.34944/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12143059?tool=bestpractice.com
接受治疗的患者的 10 年存活率(终点为死亡或移植)被认为超过 90%。[1]Manns MP, Czaja AJ, Gorham JD, et al. Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2010;51:2193-2213.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23584/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20513004?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Czaja AJ, Freese DK. American Association for the Study of Liver Disease. Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2002;36:479-497.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1053/jhep.2002.34944/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12143059?tool=bestpractice.com 无肝硬化的患者的 20 年存活率大约是 80%,但是就诊时患有肝硬化的患者的 20 年存活率低于 40%。[1]Manns MP, Czaja AJ, Gorham JD, et al. Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2010;51:2193-2213.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23584/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20513004?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Czaja AJ, Freese DK. American Association for the Study of Liver Disease. Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2002;36:479-497.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1053/jhep.2002.34944/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12143059?tool=bestpractice.com
肝移植
肝移植患者的 5 年存活率是 80%-90%。[1]Manns MP, Czaja AJ, Gorham JD, et al. Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2010;51:2193-2213.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23584/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20513004?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Czaja AJ, Freese DK. American Association for the Study of Liver Disease. Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2002;36:479-497.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1053/jhep.2002.34944/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12143059?tool=bestpractice.com 10 年存活率大约是 75%。[1]Manns MP, Czaja AJ, Gorham JD, et al. Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2010;51:2193-2213.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23584/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20513004?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Czaja AJ, Freese DK. American Association for the Study of Liver Disease. Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2002;36:479-497.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1053/jhep.2002.34944/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12143059?tool=bestpractice.com 肝移植后免疫抑制疗法通常包括他克莫司单药治疗,或者他克莫司联用麦考酚酯或硫唑嘌呤治疗。皮质类固醇的使用依然存在争议。
自身免疫性肝炎复发是肝移植后的一大挑战,且可能与移植前受体肝脏的疾病严重程度更高、所使用的免疫抑制疗法类型或供体的 HLA 状态有关。其他报告暗示患者停服皮质类固醇。在一项由 46 名因自身免疫性肝炎而接受肝移植的患者组成的研究中,24% 的患者出现了病情复发,5 年病情复发率是 18%。自身免疫性合并症,移植前天冬氨酸转氨酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶和免疫球蛋白 G 水平高,或中度至重度炎症活动或肝移植浆细胞浸润的患者,具有更高的复发性疾病风险。[44]Montano-Loza AJ, Mason AL, Ma M, et al. Risk factors for recurrence of autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2009;15:1254-1561.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19790153?tool=bestpractice.com复发性疾病的成功治疗取决于肝脏活组织检查的早期检测。在大多数情况下,更大剂量的免疫抑制疗法可以成功治疗复发性疾病。该人群的 5 年存活率仍接近 >78%。[33]Molmenti EP, Netto GJ, Murray NG, et al. Incidence and recurrence of autoimmune/alloimmune hepatitis in liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl. 2002;8:519-526.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1053/jlts.2002.32981/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12037782?tool=bestpractice.com
曾因其他肝病接受肝移植的患者也可能会患上新生自身免疫性肝炎,并且新生自身免疫性肝炎可能是晚期细胞排斥的一种形式。这通常对经修改的免疫抑制疗法有反应。[45]Andries S, Casamayou L, Sempoux C, et al. Posttransplant immune hepatitis in pediatric liver transplant recipients: incidence and maintenance therapy with azathioprine. Transplantation. 2001;72:267-272.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11477351?tool=bestpractice.com
自身免疫性肝炎预后的特殊临床挑战
自身免疫性肝炎可以表现为多种方式。临床表现的多样性会对该疾病的诊断造成妨碍。例如,不同的患者,血清学标记物的表达可能不同。此外,不同种族拥有非典型临床表现,性别可能会对治疗反应和预后产生影响。有关无症状患者、老年患者和孕妇的治疗目前仍存在争论。[46]Czaja AJ. Special clinical challenges in autoimmune hepatitis: the elderly, males,
pregnancy, mild disease, fulminant onset, and nonwhite patients. Semin Liver Dis. 2009;29:315-330.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19676004?tool=bestpractice.com
老年患者
20% 的成人会在 60 岁后患上此病,且通常患有更严重的肝纤维化、腹水和肝硬化,这表明他们患有侵袭性疾病。[47]Czaja AJ, Carpenter HA. Distinctive clinical phenotype and treatment outcome of type 1 autoimmune hepatitis in the elderly. Hepatology. 2006;43:532-538.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.21074/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16496338?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Miyake T, Miyaoka H, Abe M, et al. Clinical characteristics of autoimmune hepatitis in older aged patients. Hepatol Res. 2006;36:139-142.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16872893?tool=bestpractice.com 合并症(如骨质疏松症、高血压、糖尿病和活动性恶性肿瘤)的发病率可能会排除使用皮质类固醇。有研究表明,绝经后女性的药物性不良反应发生率与绝经前女性相比,没有统计学意义上的显著差异。[46]Czaja AJ. Special clinical challenges in autoimmune hepatitis: the elderly, males,
pregnancy, mild disease, fulminant onset, and nonwhite patients. Semin Liver Dis. 2009;29:315-330.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19676004?tool=bestpractice.com但是,老年患者可以成功采用泼尼松联用硫唑嘌呤治疗方案进行治疗,出现治疗反应的时效快于年轻患者,而且治疗失败率低于年轻患者。初始治疗方案显示耐受性良好。但是,复发后的再治疗与较高的药物相关性并发症累积发生率有关(如绝经后患者群的椎体压缩)。骨质维持和骨密度测定监测方案可以减少并发症的发生。不应仅仅根据年龄否决老年患者接受肝移植,因为有研究显示,此年龄组接受肝移植后的 5 年存活率与年轻成人患者相同,且老年患者的急性排斥反应率低于年轻成人患者。[49]Cross TJ, Antoniades CG, Muiesan P, et al. Liver transplantation in patients over 60 and 65 years: an evaluation of long-term outcomes and survival. Liver Transpl. 2007;13:1382-1388.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lt.21181/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17902123?tool=bestpractice.com
男性
妊娠
妊娠期间患有自身免疫性肝炎是一种复杂的临床状态。但是,经验表明妊娠和肝病可以在两者共存时,成功进行治疗。在这些情况下,妊娠的主要风险是胎儿早产,并且报告的婴儿病死率高达 19%,这与分娩时婴儿的早产程度有关。[50]Candia L, Marquez J, Espinoza LR. Autoimmune hepatitis and pregnancy: a rheumatologist's dilemma. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2005;35:49-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16084224?tool=bestpractice.com由于雌二醇介导的细胞因子从 Th1 转变到 Th2 抗炎表达谱,因此自身免疫性肝炎可以在妊娠期间得到改善。不幸的是,分娩后,当雌二醇水平下降 12%-86% 后,自身免疫性肝炎常常会恶化。
有研究表明,硫唑嘌呤与妊娠小鼠的先天性畸形相关,但这些情况尚未在人类身上体现。[51]Czaja AJ. Safety issues in the management of autoimmune hepatitis. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2008;7:319-333.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18462189?tool=bestpractice.com一项针对炎症性肠病妊娠女性患者的回顾性分析显示,硫唑嘌呤和巯嘌呤似乎相对安全。[34]Francella A, Dyan A, Bodian C, et al. The safety of 6-mercaptopurine for childbearing patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:9-17.http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2803%2950013-0/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12512024?tool=bestpractice.com美国指南建议,妊娠女性应尽可能停用硫唑嘌呤;[1]Manns MP, Czaja AJ, Gorham JD, et al. Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2010;51:2193-2213.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23584/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20513004?tool=bestpractice.com 欧洲建议指出,正在服用硫唑嘌呤的妊娠女性可以继续使用该药。[35]European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol. 2015;63:971-1004.http://www.easl.eu/medias/cpg/autoimmune-hepatitis/English-report.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26341719?tool=bestpractice.com
急性、重度或暴发性自身免疫性肝炎表现
幸运的是,急性、重度或暴发性自身免疫性肝炎较为罕见。然而,皮质类固醇疗法可以有效抑制 36%-100% 的患者的炎症活动。[52]Viruet EJ, Torres EA. Steroid therapy in fulminant hepatic failure secondary to autoimmune hepatitis. P R Health Sci J. 1998;17:297-300.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9883478?tool=bestpractice.com但是,等待 2 周以上时间后再开始使用皮质类固醇治疗此病是有害的。[53]Czaja AJ, Rakela J, Ludwig J. Features reflective of early prognosis in corticosteroid-treated severe autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. Gastroenterology. 1988;95:448-453.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3391372?tool=bestpractice.com当就诊时的终末期肝病模型 (MELD) 得分大于 12 分时,治疗失败的敏感度和特异性分别为 97% 和 68%,因此需要更迫切地考虑肝移植。[54]Montano-Loza AJ, Carpenter HA, Czaja AJ. Features associated with treatment failure in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis and predictive value of the model of end-stage liver disease. Hepatology. 2007;46:1138-1145.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17668882?tool=bestpractice.com
非白人患者
与北美白人患者相比,北美黑人患者在就诊时更常见肝硬化,日本患者通常患有的是轻度的晚发性自身免疫性肝炎。南美患者就诊时的年龄通常小于北美患者,而且实验室检测结果异常的严重程度低于北美患者。阿拉斯加土著患者的黄疸发病率通常高于非土著患者,非洲、亚洲和阿拉伯患者的胆汁淤积特征和组织学胆管改变的发生率高于北欧患者。[46]Czaja AJ. Special clinical challenges in autoimmune hepatitis: the elderly, males,
pregnancy, mild disease, fulminant onset, and nonwhite patients. Semin Liver Dis. 2009;29:315-330.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19676004?tool=bestpractice.com这些表型的变异体表明,遗传背景和地理位置可能会对自身免疫性肝炎的临床表现和发病产生影响。