失神癫痫发作

Berg AT, Berkovic SF, Brodie MJ, et al. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: Report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005-2009. Epilepsia. 2010 Apr;51(4):676-85.

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Rosenow F, Wyllie E, Kotagal P, et al. Staring spells in children: descriptive features distinguishing epileptic and nonepileptic events. J Pediatr. 1998 Nov;133(5):660-3.

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Bergey GK. Evidence-based treatment of idiopathic generalized epilepsies with new antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia. 2005;46 Suppl 9:161-8.

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French JA, Kanner AM, Bautista J, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs I: treatment of new onset epilepsy: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee and Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2004 Apr 27;62(8):1252-60.

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Nordli DR Jr. Idiopathic generalized epilepsies recognized by the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005;46(suppl s9):48-56.

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1.  Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, et al. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2014; 55:475-482

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2.  Wylie E, ed. The treatment of epilepsy: principles & practice. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006:305-332, 391-440.

3.  Fisher RS, Cross JH, French JA, et al. Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy: position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2017 Apr;58(4):522-30.

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4.  Berg AT, Berkovic SF, Brodie MJ, et al. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: Report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005-2009. Epilepsia. 2010 Apr;51(4):676-85.

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5.  Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Epilepsia. 1989 Jul-Aug;30(4):389-99.

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6.  Panayiotopoulos CP. Syndromes of idiopathic generalized epilepsy not recognized by the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005;46 Suppl 9:57-66.

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10.  Blom S, Heijbel J, Bergfors PG. Incidence of epilepsy in children: a follow-up study three years after the first seizure. Epilepsia. 1978;19:343-350.

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11.  Sidenvall R, Forsgren L, Blomquist HK, et al. A community-based prospective incidence study of epileptic seizures in children. Acta Paediatr. 1993;82:60-65.

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12.  Granieri E, Rosati G, Tola R, et al. A descriptive study of epilepsy in the district of Copparo, Italy, 1964-1978. Epilepsia. 1983;24:502-514.

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17.  Jallon P, Latour P. Epidemiology of idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Epilepsia. 2005;46(suppl 9):S10-S14.

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19.  Trevathan E, Murphy CC, Yeargin-Allsopp M. Prevalence and descriptive epidemiology of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome among Atlanta children. Epilepsia. 1997;38:1283-1288.

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21.  Lu Y, Wang X. Genes associated with idiopathic epilepsies: a current overview. Neurol Res. 2009;31:135-43.

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22.  Beck-Mannagetta G, Janz D. Syndrome-related genetics in generalized epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1991;4:105-11.

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23.  Manning J A, Richards DA, Bowery NG. Pharmacology of absence epilepsy. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2003;24:542-549.

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24.  Crunelli V, Leresche N. Childhood absence epilepsy: genes, channels, neurons and networks. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2002;3:371-382.

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25.  Cossette P, Liu L, Brisebois K, et al. Mutation of GABRA1 in an autosomal dominant form of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Nat Genet. 2002;31:184-189.

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26.  Gardiner M. Genetics of idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Epilepsia. 2005;46(suppl s9):15-20.

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27.  Haug K, Warnstedt M, Alekov AK, et al. Mutations in CLCN2 encoding a voltage-gated chloride channel are associated with idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Nat Genet. 2003;33:527-532.

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28.  Mullen SA, Suls A, De Jonghe P, et al. Absence epilepsies with widely variable onset are a key feature of familial GLUT1 deficiency. Neurology. 2010;75:432-440.

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29.  Elia M, Guerrini R, Musumeci SA, et al. Myoclonic absence-like seizures and chromosome abnormality syndromes. Epilepsia. 1998 Jun;39(6):660-3.

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30.  Christensen J, Kjeldsen MJ, Andersen H, et al. Gender differences in epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005 Jun;46(6):956-60.

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31.  Sadleir LG, Scheffer IE, Smith S,et al. Automatisms in absence seizures in children with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Arch Neurol. 2009 Jun;66(6):729-34.

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32.  Wang D, Pascual JM, De Vivo D. Glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome. In: Pagon RA, Bird TD, Dolcan CR, editors et al. Gene reviews. Seattle (WA): University of Washington; 2012.

33.  Suls A, Mullen SA, Weber YG, et al. Early-onset absence epilepsy caused by mutation in the glucose transporter GLUT1. Ann Neurol. 2009 Sep;66(3):415-9.

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34.  Rosenow F, Wyllie E, Kotagal P, et al. Staring spells in children: descriptive features distinguishing epileptic and nonepileptic events. J Pediatr. 1998 Nov;133(5):660-3.

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35.  Arsov T, Mullen SA, Damiano JA, et al. Glucose transporter 1 deficiency in the idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Ann Neurol. 2012 Nov;72(5):807-15.

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36.  Byrne S, Kearns J, Carolan R, et al. Refractory absence epilepsy associated with GLUT-1 deficiency syndrome. Epilepsia. 2011 May;52(5):1021-4.

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37.  Dlugos D, Shinnar S, Cnaan A, et al. Pretreatment EEG in childhood absence epilepsy: associations with attention and treatment outcome. Neurology. 2013;81:150-156.

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38.  Hirtz D, Ashwal S, Berg A, et al. Practice parameter: evaluating a first nonfebrile seizure in children (re-affirmed 2014). Neurology. 2000;55:616-623.

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39.  Glauser T, Ben-Menachem E, Bourgeois B, et al; ILAE Subcommission on AED Guidelines. Updated ILAE evidence review of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia. 2013;54:551-563.

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40.  Brigo F, Igwe SC. Ethosuximide, sodium valproate or lamotrigine for absence seizures in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(2):CD003032.

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41.  Glauser TA, Cnaan A, Shinnar S, et al. Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2010 Mar 4;362(9):790-9.

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42.  Glauser TA, Cnaan A, Shinnar S, et al. Ethosuximide, valproic acid and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy: initial monotherapy outcomes at 12 months. Epilepsia. 2013 Jan;54(1):141-55.

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43.  Nadler B, Shevell MI. Childhood absence epilepsy requiring more than one medication for seizure control. Can J Neurol Sci. 2008 Jul;35(3):297-300.

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44.  Hitiris N, Brodie MJ. Evidence-based treatment of idiopathic generalized epilepsies with older antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia. 2005;46 Suppl 9:149-53.

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45.  Browne TR, Dreifuss FE, Dyken PR, et al. Ethosuximide in the treatment of absence (petit mal) seizures. Neurology. 1975 Jun;25(6):515-24.

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46.  Villareal HJ, Wilder BJ, Willmore LJ, et al. Effect of valproic acid on spike and wave discharges in patients with absence seizures. Neurology. 1978 Sep;28(9 Pt 1):886-91.

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47.  Erenberg G, Rothner AD, Henry CE, et al. Valproic acid in the treatment of intractable absence seizures in children: a single-blind clinical and quantitative EEG study. Am J Dis Child. 1982 Jun;136(6):526-9.

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48.  Callaghan N, O'Hare J, O'Driscoll D, et al. Comparative study of ethosuximide and sodium valproate in the treatment of typical absence seizures (petit mal). Dev Med Clin Neurol. 1982 Dec;24(6):830-6.

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49.  Sato S, White BG, Penry JK, et al. Valproic acid versus ethosuximide in the treatment of absence seizures. Neurology. 1982 Feb;32(2):157-63.

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50.  Martinovic Z. Comparison of ethosuximide with sodium valproate as monotherapies of absence seizures. In: Parsonage M, ed. Advances in epileptology: XIVth Epilepsy International Symposium. New York: Raven Press; 1983:301-5.

51.  Wolf P, Inoue Y. Therapeutic response of absence seizures in patients of an epilepsy clinic for adolescents and adult. J Neurol. 1984;231(4):225-9.

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52.  European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. EMA/145600/2018. March 2018 [internet publication].

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53.  Coppola G, Auricchio G, Federico R, et al. Lamotrigine versus valproic acid as first-line monotherapy in newly diagnosed typical absence seizures: an open-label, randomized, parallel-group study. Epilepsia. 2004 Sep;45(9):1049-53.

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54.  Frank LM, Enlow T, Holmes GL, et al. Lamictal (lamotrigine) monotherapy for typical absence seizures in children. Epilepsia. 1999 Jul;40(7):973-9.

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55.  Bergey GK. Evidence-based treatment of idiopathic generalized epilepsies with new antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia. 2005;46 Suppl 9:161-8.

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56.  Holmes GL, Frank LM, Sheth RD, et al. Lamotrigine monotherapy for newly diagnosed typical absence seizures in children. Epilepsy Res. 2008 Dec;82(2-3):124-32.

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57.  Beran RG, Berkovic SF, Dunagan FM, et al. Double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover study of lamotrigine in treatment resistant generalised epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1998 Dec;39(12):1329-33.

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58.  Motte J, Trevathan E, Arvidsson JF, et al; Lamictal Lennox-Gastaut Study Group. Lamotrigine for generalized seizures associated with the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1997 Dec 18;337(25):1807-12.

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59.  Eriksson AS, Nergadh A, Hoppu K. The efficacy of lamotrigine in children and adolescents with refractory generalized epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Epilepsia. 1998 May;39(5):495-501.

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60.  French JA, Kanner AM, Bautista J, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs I: treatment of new onset epilepsy: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee and Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2004 Apr 27;62(8):1252-60.

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61.  Sachdeo RC, Glauser TA, Ritter F, et al. A double-blind, randomized trial of topiramate in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Topiramate YL Study Group. Neurology. 1999 Jun 10;52(9):1882-7.

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62.  Wilfong A, Schultz R. Zonisamide for absence seizures. Epilepsy Res. 2005 Mar-Apr;64(1-2):31-4.

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63.  French JA, Kanner AM, Bautista J, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs II: treatment of refractory epilepsy. Neurology. 2004 Apr 27;62(8):1261-73.

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64.  Rosenfeld WE, Benbadis S, Edrich P, et al. Levetiracetam as add-on therapy for idiopathic generalized epilepsy syndromes with onset during adolescence: analysis of two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Epilepsy Res. 2009 Jul;85(1):72-80.

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65.  Verrotti A, Cerminara C, Domizio S, et al. Levetiracetam in absence epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008 Nov;50(11):850-3.

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66.  Fattore C, Boniver C, Capovilla G, et al. A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of levetiracetam in children and adolescents with newly diagnosed absence epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2011 Apr;52(4):802-9.

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67.  Duron RM, Medina MT, Martinez-Juarez IE, et al. Seizures of idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Epilepsia. 2005;46(suppl 9):34-47.

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68.  Grosso S, Galimberti D, Vezossi P, et al. Childhood absence epilepsy: evolution and prognostic factors. Epilepsia. 2005;46:1796-1801.

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69.  Nordli DR Jr. Idiopathic generalized epilepsies recognized by the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005;46(suppl s9):48-56.

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70.  Beghi E, Cornaggia C, et al. Morbidity and accidents in patients with epilepsy: results of European cohort study. Epilepsia. 2002 Sep;43(9):1076-83.

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71.  Wirrel EC. Epilepsy-related injuries. Epilepsia. 2006;47 Suppl 1:79-86.

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73.  Bouma PAD, Westendorp RGJ, van Dijk JG, et al. The outcome of absence epilepsy: a meta-analysis. Neurology. 1996 Sep;47(3):802-8.

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74.  Sinclair DB, Unwala H. Absence epilepsy in childhood: electroencephalography (EEG) does not predict outcome. J Child Neurol. 2007 Jul;22(7):799-802.

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75.  Caplan R, Siddarth P, Stahl L, et al. Childhood absence epilepsy: behavioral, cognitive, and linguistic comorbidities. Epilepsia. 2008 Nov;49(11):1838-46.

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76.  Hermann BP, Jones JE, Sheth R, et al. Growing up with epilepsy: a two-year investigation of cognitive development in children with new onset epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2008 Nov;49(11):1847-58.

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77.  Fastenau PS, Johnson CS, Perkins SM, et al. Neuropsychological status at seizure onset in children: risk factors for early cognitive deficits. Neurology. 2009 Aug 18;73(7):526-34.

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78.  Sirén A, Kylliäinen A, Tenhunen M, et al. Beneficial effects of antiepileptic medication on absence seizures and cognitive functioning in children. Epilepsy Behav. 2007 Aug;11(1):85-91.

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79.  Masur D, Shinnar S, Cnaan A, et al. Pretreatment cognitive deficits and treatment effects on attention in childhood absence epilepsy. Neurology. 2013 Oct 29;81(18):1572-80.

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80.  Harden C, Tomson T, Gloss D, et al. Practice guideline summary: sudden unexpected death in epilepsy incidence rates and risk factors: report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2017 Apr 25;88(17):1674-80.

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81.  Camfield C, Camfield P. Management guidelines for children with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005;46(suppl 9):112-116.

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82.  Strozzi I, Nolan SJ, Sperling MR, et al. Early versus late antiepileptic drug withdrawal for people with epilepsy in remission. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(2):CD001902.

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