对于所有患者,包括经验性治疗以及随后培养物导向的明确抗生素治疗。对于神经功能缺损的患者,减压手术是必不可少的。在这些患者中,最终神经功能结果的最重要预测因素是减压手术前即刻的患者神经功能状态。
抗生素治疗
应开始经验性抗生素治疗,直到鉴别出病原体。抗生素包括可以有效杀灭金黄色葡萄球菌(包括耐甲氧西林病原体)的药物,还包括可以有效杀灭厌氧菌/革兰氏阴性病原体的药物,特别是静脉吸毒 (IVDU) 患者。[35]Pradilla G, Ardila GP, Hsu W, et al. Epidural abscesses of the CNS. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8:292-300.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19233039?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Bostrom A, Oertel M, Ryang Y, et al. Treatment strategies and outcome in patients with non-tuberculous spinal epidural abscess: a review of 46 cases. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2008;51:36-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18306130?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Kastenbauer S, Pfister HW, Scheld WM. Epidural abscess. In: Scheld WM, Whitley RJ, Marra CM, eds. Infections of the central nervous system. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004:509-522.建议的三联方案是万古霉素、甲硝唑和头孢噻肟。
鉴别和及时治疗致病病原体至关重要。抗生素的最终选择取决于微生物培养和药敏结果。一旦确定致病原,将尽可能根据特定菌株药敏结果进行个体化治疗。建议抗生素治疗至少 12 周。
甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌 (MSSA) 感染最常用的抗生素方案包括萘夫西林或头孢菌素(例如头孢唑啉)。
耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌 (MRSA) 的抗生素方案为万古霉素。
革兰氏阴性感染一线抗生素方案为万古霉素和莫西沙星。另可选用头孢菌素(例如头孢他啶)联合莫西沙星方案。万古霉素适合,因为未被诊断的潜在 MRSA 是治疗失败的主要原因之一。
结核分枝杆菌感染的抗结核方案为异烟肼和利福平。严重疾病患者可添加乙胺丁醇。
在整个抗生素治疗过程中,患者应至少每 2 周监测一次以确定是否存在难治性感染的证据。每 7 至 10 天进行一次血清学监测,应包括白细胞计数、红细胞沉降率 (ESR) 和 CRP,以记录治疗反应。[37]Yoon SH, Chung SK, Kim KJ, et al. Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis: identification of microorganism and laboratory markers used to predict clinical outcome. Eur Spine J. 2010;19:575-582.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2899831/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19937064?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Bettini N, Girardo M, Dema E, et al. Evaluation of conservative treatment of non specific spondylodiscitis.
Eur Spine J. 2009;18(Suppl 1):143-150.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2899594/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19415345?tool=bestpractice.comWBC 计数、ESR 或 CRP 升高提示治疗失败。对于这些患者,应重复进行全脊柱增强 MRI 成像,以评估任何残余的脊柱感染。如影像学检查显示骨骼/硬膜外腔增强,应重复进行培养,并根据微生物敏感性考虑使用可替代的抗生素药物。如果出现神经系统受累的症状(例如背痛、无力或感觉异常),还应重复影像学检查。[39]Sevinç F, Prins JM, Koopmans RP, et al. Early switch from intravenous to oral antibiotics: guidelines and implementation in a large teaching hospital. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999;43:601-606.http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/4/601.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10350396?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Hadjipavlou AG, Mader JT, Necessary JT, et al. Hematogenous pyogenic spinal infections and their surgical management. Spine. 2000;25:1668-1679.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10870142?tool=bestpractice.com对于这些患者应寻求外科会诊。[7]Reihsaus E, Waldbaur H, Seeling W. Spinal epidural abscess: a meta-analysis of 915 patients. Neurosurg Rev. 2000;23:175-204.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11153548?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Rigamonti D, Liem L, Sampath P, et al. Spinal epidural abscess: contemporary trends in etiology, evaluation, and management. Surg Neurol. 1999;52:189-196.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10447289?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Savage K, Holtom PD, Zalavras CG. Spinal epidural abscess: early clinical outcome in patients treated medically. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;439:56-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16205139?tool=bestpractice.com
基础共病(例如糖尿病、静脉吸毒、HIV 感染)或预先存在全身性感染(例如感染性心内膜炎)患者发生慢性脊髓感染的风险更高。对于这类患者,应考虑到耐药或不常见病原体(如真菌)。[42]Wang J, Calhoun JH, Mader JT. The application of bioimplants in the management of chronic osteomyelitis. Orthopedics. 2002;25:1247-1252.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12452341?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Özdemir N, Çelik L, Oguzoglu S, et al. Cervical vertebral osteomyelitis and epidural abscess caused by Candida albicans in a patient with chronic renal failure. Turk Neurosurg. 2008;18:207-210.http://www.turkishneurosurgery.org.tr/pdf/pdf_JTN_581.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18597241?tool=bestpractice.com药物疗法可导致中等较高的失败率,需要密切观察,特别是颈椎病变。[44]Alton TB, Patel AR, Bransford RJ, et al. Is there a difference in neurologic outcome in medical versus early operative management of cervical epidural abscesses? Spine J. 2015;15:10-17.http://www.thespinejournalonline.com/article/S1529-9430(14)00573-7/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24937797?tool=bestpractice.com
手术治疗
进行性神经功能丧失或抗生素治疗无应答患者存在手术指征。[6]Nussbaum ES, Rigamonti D, Standiford H, et al. Spinal epidural abscess: a report of 40 cases and review. Surg Neurol. 1992;38:225-231.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1359657?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Pradilla G, Ardila GP, Hsu W, et al. Epidural abscesses of the CNS. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8:292-300.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19233039?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Hlavin ML, Kaminski HJ, Ross JS, et al. Spinal epidural abscess: a ten-year perspective. Neurosurgery. 1990;27:177-184.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2385333?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Patel AR, Alton TB, Bransford RJ, et al. Spinal epidural abscesses: risk factors, medical versus surgical management, a retrospective review of 128 cases. Spine J. 2014;14:326-330.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24231778?tool=bestpractice.com成像结果可以部分指导手术入路类型。手术可以采取开放性技术,以进行脊髓减压、硬膜外灌洗和组织采样用于微生物诊断。例如,局部后部采集需要进行一或两个节段的椎板切除术。对于失能症状较少的患者,可在 CT 引导下进行椎间盘/骨间病变针吸术。
尽管已经公认延迟手术(24-36 小时后)疗效不及早期手术,但如果有脊髓功能证据的患者出现进展性神经病学症状,仍应考虑手术。[6]Nussbaum ES, Rigamonti D, Standiford H, et al. Spinal epidural abscess: a report of 40 cases and review. Surg Neurol. 1992;38:225-231.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1359657?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Hlavin ML, Kaminski HJ, Ross JS, et al. Spinal epidural abscess: a ten-year perspective. Neurosurgery. 1990;27:177-184.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2385333?tool=bestpractice.com相关综述已强调了治疗时机对结果的影响。[47]Epstein NE. Timing and prognosis of surgery for spinal epidural abscess: a review. Surg Neurol Int. 2015;6:S475-486.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4617026/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26605109?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Suppiah S, Meng Y, Fehlings MG, et al. How best to manage the spinal epidural abscess? A current systematic review. World Neurosurg. 2016;93:20-28.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27262655?tool=bestpractice.com
其他疗法
有感染性休克证据的患者需纠正低血压。目标是要维持收缩压>100 mmHg;有足够的尿量(0.5 mL/kg/小时);中心静脉压 (CVP) 为 8-12 mmHg;平均动脉压 (MAP) 为 65 mmHg 或以上;中心静脉(上腔静脉)氧饱和度为 70% 或以上,或混合静脉血氧饱和度为 65% 或以上。治疗包括中心静脉置管和血容量复苏。仅在充分的容量复苏难以纠正的低血压情况下建议使用血管升压药。没有高质量的重要证据建议一种特定药物。[49]Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34:17-60.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00134-007-0934-2/fulltext.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18058085?tool=bestpractice.com
所有患者应采取预防静脉血栓栓塞和肺栓塞的措施。应在出现临床症状后 72 小时内开始治疗。建议选用低分子肝素、普通肝素和因子 Xa 拮抗剂(如磺达肝癸)。[50]Geerts WH, Bergqvist D, Pineo GF, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008;133(suppl 6):381S-453S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18574271?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Kearon C, Kahn SR, Agnelli G, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th edition). Chest. 2008;133(suppl):454S-545S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18574272?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Bates SM, Greer IA, Middeldorp S, et al. VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2_suppl):e691S-e736S.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1159497http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315276?tool=bestpractice.com应至少预防用药 7 天;应根据个体血栓栓塞性事件风险考虑是否继续用药。[52]Bates SM, Greer IA, Middeldorp S, et al. VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2_suppl):e691S-e736S.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1159497http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315276?tool=bestpractice.com对于禁忌抗凝治疗的患者,可采用下腔静脉过滤器。弹力袜和间歇充气加压装置也可能有益。