可进行预防性抗生素治疗,特别是头孢菌素、甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲噁唑和呋喃妥因。长期抗生素治疗似乎可降低易感儿童复发症状性尿路感染的风险,但获益较小且必须综合考虑微生物耐药性增加的风险。[72]Montini G, Rigon L, Zucchetta P, et al. Prophylaxis after first febrile urinary tract infection in children? A multicenter, randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial. Pediatrics. 2008 Nov;122(5):1064-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18977988?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Stapleton A, Stamm WE. Prevention of urinary tract infections. Infect Dis Clin N Am. 1997 Sep;11(3):719-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9378932?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Williams G, Craig JC. Long-term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Mar 16;(3):CD001534.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001534.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21412872?tool=bestpractice.com