女性患者出现发热、恶寒、胁腹痛和刺激性排泄症状(例如,尿急、尿频和排尿困难)应及时检查和化验。其他典型症状包括恶心或呕吐。肾盂肾炎患者比膀胱炎患者更经常出现同时胁腹痛、发热以及恶心、呕吐三联征。[28]Fairley KF, Carson NE, Gutch RC, et al. Site of infection in acute urinary-tract infection in general practice. Lancet. 1971 Sep 18;2(7725):615-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4105942?tool=bestpractice.com
体格检查
体温高于 38.0ºC (100.4ºF) 是诊断的关键体征之一。在一项研究中,体温高于或等于 37.8ºC (100ºF)与急性肾盂肾炎强相关。[29]Pinson AG, Philbrick JT, Lindbeck GH, et al. Fever in the clinical diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis. Am J Emerg Med. 1997 Mar;15(2):148-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9115515?tool=bestpractice.com 可能出现心动过速。可能有明显的肋脊角压痛。
实验室检查
对疑似肾盂肾炎患者的初步实验室检查是尿液分析和尿培养。[5]Czaja CA, Scholes D, Hooton TM, Stamm WE. Population-based epidemiologic analysis of acute pyelonephritis. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Aug 1;45(3):273-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17599303?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: a 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Mar 1;52(5):e103-20.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/5/e103.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21292654?tool=bestpractice.com 尿液分析显示脓尿、菌尿以及不同程度的血尿。几乎总会出现脓尿;实际上,如果没有脓尿,则应及时考虑其他诊断。如果存在管型白细胞,则提示脓尿的肾病源。对离心尿液进行革兰染色有时可帮助区分革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌,从而帮助选择治疗方法。在急性肾盂肾炎患者中这些检查的特异性低于 28%,误诊率(关于感染的特异部位)为 55%。[31]Garin EH, Olavarria F, Araya C, et al. Diagnostic significance of clinical and laboratory findings to localize site of urinary infection. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007 Jul;22(7):1002-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17375337?tool=bestpractice.com
尿培养(采集清洁或插管取样标本)显示大量生长的致病性病原体(通常每毫升尿液≥100 000 菌落形成单位 (CFU))。
在疾病更严重的患者中,要进行血培养。大约 10% 至 20% 的急性单纯性肾盂肾炎女性患者致病性病原体的血培养呈阳性。
其他初诊时应进行的检查包括全血细胞计数、红细胞沉降率和血清 C 反应蛋白。[32]Shaikh N, Borrell JL, Evron J, et al. Procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate for the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jan 20;(1):CD009185.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009185.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25603480?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Masajtis-Zagajewska A, Kurnatowska I, Wajdlich M, et al. Utility of copeptin and standard inflammatory markers in the diagnostics of upper and lower urinary tract infections. BMC Urol. 2015 Jul 8;15:67.https://bmcurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12894-015-0061-2http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26152182?tool=bestpractice.com降钙素原(细菌感染时单核巨噬细胞所分泌的一种前肽)为更具特异性的细菌感染的诊断标志物,且其检测值似乎与疾病严重程度相关。[34]Xu RY, Liu HW, Liu JL, et al. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein in urinary tract infection diagnosis. BMC Urol. 2014 May 30;14:45.https://bmcurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2490-14-45http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24886302?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Simon L, Gauvin F, Amre DK, et al. Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels as markers of bacterial infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Jul 15;39(2):206-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15307030?tool=bestpractice.com
目前也正在评估急性期反应物白细胞介素 (IL-6, IL-32) 能否作为潜在的鉴别下尿路感染和肾盂肾炎的标志物。[36]Rafiei A, Mohammadjafari H, Ahifar A, et al. The urinary and serum levels of IL-32 in children with febrile urinary tract infections. Future Sci OA. 2017 Sep 14;3(4):FSO242.https://www.future-science.com/doi/10.4155/fsoa-2017-0076http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29134126?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Azab S, Zakaria M, Raafat M, et al. The combination of urinary IL-6 and renal biometry as useful diagnostic tools to differentiate acute pyelonephritis from lower urinary tract infection. Int Braz J Urol. 2016 Jul-Aug;42(4):810-6.http://www.intbrazjurol.com.br/pdf/vol42n04/Azab_810_816.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27564295?tool=bestpractice.com和肽素是血管加压素前体的 C 末端 (CT-pro-AVP),与加压素一同释放,正在研究其是否可作为细菌感染和脓毒症的诊断工具。[33]Masajtis-Zagajewska A, Kurnatowska I, Wajdlich M, et al. Utility of copeptin and standard inflammatory markers in the diagnostics of upper and lower urinary tract infections. BMC Urol. 2015 Jul 8;15:67.https://bmcurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12894-015-0061-2http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26152182?tool=bestpractice.com
影像学检查
在儿童中有时使用 99m 锝标记二巯基丁二酸闪烁显像来帮助做出诊断。[38]American College of Radiology; Society for Pediatric Radiology. ACR–SPR practice parameter for the performance of renal scintigraphy. 2017 [internet publication].https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Practice-Parameters/RenalScint.pdf
诊断通常无需其他影像检查,但当患者对治疗没有达到预期或治疗 72 小时无好转时,常常是有用的。[30]Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: a 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Mar 1;52(5):e103-20.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/5/e103.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21292654?tool=bestpractice.com[39]American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: acute pyelonephritis. 2018 [internet publication].https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/69489/Narrative/ 对复杂性感染患者,肾脏超声可发现结石或其他梗阻原因所致肾盂积水,或者可显示肾内或肾周积液和囊肿,从而有助于诊断。[40]Stunell H, Buckley O, Feeney J, et al. Imaging of acute pyelonephritis in the adult. Eur Radiol. 2007 Jul;17(7):1820-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16937102?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Garcia-Ferrer L, Primo J, Juan Escudero JU, et al. The use of renal ultrasound for adult acute pyelonephritis. Arch Esp Urol. 2007 Jun;60(5):519-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17718205?tool=bestpractice.com
增强螺旋 CT 和/或腹部 MRI 可以进一步描述结构异常,以帮助指导治疗。腹部 CT 可使患者受到相当大剂量的辐射,[39]American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: acute pyelonephritis. 2018 [internet publication].https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/69489/Narrative/ 但相对于 MRI 来说更易于安排检查,且费用更低。