治疗的主要目的为控制感染、减轻症状。应根据患者的症状和共病来决定是否对其进行经验性治疗,以及是否将其收住入院进行静脉抗生素治疗。
治疗设置
住院治疗的适应症包括:
不能维持口服补液治疗或坚持药物治疗方案
低血压
呕吐
脱水
脓毒症
高白细胞计数
患者体温大于39.0ºC (>102.2ºF)
明显衰弱或多种共病的重症患者
妊娠
诊断不明确。
有更严重疾病危险的老年和免疫受损患者通常也需要住院治疗。
经验性抗生素的选用
对高度怀疑存在感染的患者,应在血、尿培养的结果回归之前开始治疗,以防止病情恶化。抗生素的经验性选择应根据疾病严重程度、既往抗生素使用史和局部细菌敏感性。[30]Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: a 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Mar 1;52(5):e103-20.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/5/e103.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21292654?tool=bestpractice.com[46]European Association of Urology. Guidelines on urological infections. 2018 [internet publication].http://uroweb.org/guideline/urological-infections/[47]Strohmeier Y, Hodson EM, Willis NS, et al. Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jul 28;(7):CD003772.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003772.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25066627?tool=bestpractice.com
相对血清或尿液中的药物浓度水平,肾髓质中较高的药物浓度有更好的疗效,所以肾组织内高浓度的药物(例如,氨基糖苷类和喹诺酮类)可能优于 β-内酰胺类抗生素。[48]Bergeron MG, Marois Y. Benefit from high intrarenal levels of gentamicin in the treatment of E. coli pyelonephritis. Kidney Int. 1986 Oct;30(4):481-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3537452?tool=bestpractice.com 在肾功能下降的患者中,可建议减少庆大霉素剂量。社区尿路病原体的药物敏感性也将指导治疗决策。[30]Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: a 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Mar 1;52(5):e103-20.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/5/e103.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21292654?tool=bestpractice.com
轻度至中度肾盂肾炎和单纯性肾盂肾炎
这些患者能够口服药物,而且血流动力学稳定,并且其他实验室指标基本正常。可采用口服抗生素治疗。可选用的抗生素疗法包括喹诺酮、头孢菌素和磺胺类药剂。[30]Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: a 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Mar 1;52(5):e103-20.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/5/e103.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21292654?tool=bestpractice.com[46]European Association of Urology. Guidelines on urological infections. 2018 [internet publication].http://uroweb.org/guideline/urological-infections/[49]Piccoli GB, Consiglio V, Colla L, et al. Antibiotic treatment for acute 'uncomplicated' or 'primary' pyelonephritis: a systematic, 'semantic revision'. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2006 Aug;28(suppl 1):S49-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16854569?tool=bestpractice.com 美国传染病学会 (Infectious Diseases Society of America) 的治疗建议确认,对轻症病例采用标准的 10-14 天口服抗生素门诊治疗通常已足够。[30]Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: a 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Mar 1;52(5):e103-20.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/5/e103.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21292654?tool=bestpractice.com 他们还认为,在氟喹诺酮耐药<10% 的地区,对轻度或中度病例应用短至 7 天的高活性药物(例如,氟喹诺酮类)[50]Eliakim-Raz N, Yahav D, Paul M, et al. Duration of antibiotic treatment for acute pyelonephritis and septic urinary tract infection - 7 days or less versus longer treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013 Oct;68(10):2183-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23696620?tool=bestpractice.com 可能是足够的。[51]Sandberg T, Skoog G, Hermansson AB, et al. Ciprofloxacin for 7 days versus 14 days in women with acute pyelonephritis: a randomised, open-label and double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2012 Aug 4;380(9840):484-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22726802?tool=bestpractice.com 在氟喹诺酮类药物耐药>10% 的地区,建议增加一次长效抗菌药物(例如 1 g 头孢曲松或 24 h 巩固剂量的氨基糖苷)静脉给药。[30]Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: a 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Mar 1;52(5):e103-20.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/5/e103.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21292654?tool=bestpractice.com 无症状性患者常规的治疗后不需要尿培养。
重度或复杂性肾盂肾炎或妊娠
在筛查中发现无症状性菌尿的孕妇应进行治疗以确保根除细菌。[46]European Association of Urology. Guidelines on urological infections. 2018 [internet publication].http://uroweb.org/guideline/urological-infections/[52]Widmer M, Gülmezoglu AM, Mignini L, et al. Duration of treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Nov 11;(11):CD000491.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000491.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26560337?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In pregnant women with asymptomatic bacteriuria, what are the effects of antibiotics?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1107/full显示答案 [
]How does single‐dose treatment compare with longer‐course antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy?https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2162/full显示答案
有严重症状(不能口服药物、容量衰竭、早期脓毒症血流动力学参数、其他实验室参数也可能异常)或复杂性疾病患者以及所有妊娠患者,应住院治疗并采用静脉给药治疗。[53]Schaeffer AJ. Infections of the urinary tract. In: Walsh PC, Retic AB, Vaughan ED Jr, et al, eds. Campbell's urology, 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2002:516-602.[54]Macejko AM, Schaeffer AJ. Asymptomatic bacteriuria and symptomatic urinary tract infections during pregnancy. Urol Clin North Am. 2007 Feb;34(1):35-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17145359?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Vouloumanou EK, Rafailidis PI, Kazantzi MS, et al. Early switch to oral versus intravenous antimicrobial treatment for hospitalized patients with acute pyelonephritis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Cur Med Res Opin. 2008 Dec;24(12):3423-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19032124?tool=bestpractice.com 应进行血培养和尿培养。应根据培养结果和局部耐药性类型选择抗生素疗法。可选择的方案包括给予喹诺酮类、超广谱头孢菌素、氨基糖苷类联合或不联合氨苄西林(如果怀疑肠球菌)、氨基青霉素、抗假单胞菌青霉素和碳青霉烯类药物治疗。欧洲泌尿外科学会 (European Association of Urology) 建议,在大肠杆菌对氟喹诺酮类或 β-内酰胺类耐药率>10% 的社区中,首选氨基糖苷类或第三代头孢菌素。[46]European Association of Urology. Guidelines on urological infections. 2018 [internet publication].http://uroweb.org/guideline/urological-infections/ 历史上,包括静脉抗生素的治疗要 6 周。后来的研究表明,对细菌学上的治愈和改善症状 2 周疗程通常是足够的。[56]Safrin S, Siegel D, Black D. Pyelonephritis in adult women: inpatient versus outpatient therapy. Am J Med. 1988 Dec;85(6):793-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3195603?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Pinson AG, Philbrick JT, Lindbeck GH, et al. ED management of acute pyelonephritis in women: a cohort study. Am J Emerg Med. 1994 May;12(3):271-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8179729?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Neuhaus TJ, Berger C, Buechner K, et al. Randomised trial of oral versus sequential intravenous/oral cephalosporins in children with pyelonephritis. Eur J Pediat. 2008 Sep;167(9):1037-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18074149?tool=bestpractice.com 随着病情改善,患者的治疗方案可改为微生物对之敏感的口服抗微生物药物,完成治疗过程。
并发症包括需要插入导管的尿路梗阻、脓毒症、肾衰竭、脓肿形成和抗生素治疗失败。为了记载细菌学治愈,建议随访完成治疗后几周内进行尿培养。孕妇通常也可以通过治疗完全康复。[59]Vazquez JC, Abalos E. Treatments for symptomatic urinary tract infections during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jan 19;(1):CD002256.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002256.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21249652?tool=bestpractice.com
复发性疾病
通常在 1 至 2 周内复发。复发最有可能的原因是初始治疗时间不足。其他可能的原因包括产生抗生素耐药或选择了针对另一种生物体的抗生素。需要重复进行尿培养和抗微生物药敏试验。重复培养时,若菌株和药敏试验结果是相同的,应进行肾脏超声或 CT 扫描。再治疗可以采用与初步治疗所用相同抗生素进行更长疗程的治疗,或者选择不同的抗生素。[46]European Association of Urology. Guidelines on urological infections. 2018 [internet publication].http://uroweb.org/guideline/urological-infections/