基因疗法
β-地中海贫血唯一一种已确立的根治性治疗方法是使用来自匹配的亲缘供体的干细胞进行干细胞移植。[54]Perumbeti A, Malik P. Therapy for beta-globinopathies: a brief review and determinants for successful and safe correction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1202:36-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20712770?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Bank A. Hemoglobin gene therapy for beta-thalassemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2010;24:1187-1201.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21075288?tool=bestpractice.com但是,其中至少有 70% 的患者找不到供体。使用动物模型(带有人类β蛋白突变的小鼠)进行的试验已证明了使用慢病毒载体进行球蛋白基因转染的功效。[56]May C, Rivella S, Callegari J, et al. Therapeutic haemoglobin synthesis in beta-thalassaemic mice expressing lentivirus-encoded human beta-globin. Nature. 2000;406:82-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10894546?tool=bestpractice.com[57]May C, Rivella S, Chadburn A, et al. Successful treatment of murine beta-thalassemia intermedia by transfer of the human beta-globin gene. Blood. 2002;99:1902-1908.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/99/6/1902.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11877258?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Malik P, Arumugam PI, Yee JK, et al. Successful correction of the human Cooley's anemia beta-thalassemia major phenotype using a lentiviral vector flanked by the chicken hypersensitive site 4 chromatin insulator. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1054:238-249.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16339671?tool=bestpractice.com在这些试验中,表达水平稳定,持续性佳,即使使用低剂量载体,也能得到这样的结果。但还存在几个问题,包括载体的不稳定性、表达水平存在变化和存在插入诱变的可能。[59]Persons DA. The challenge of obtaining therapeutic levels of genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells in beta-thalassemia patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1202:69-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20712775?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Yannaki E, Emery DW, Stamatoyannopoulos G. Gene therapy for beta-thalassaemia: the continuing challenge. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2010;12:e31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20883576?tool=bestpractice.com使用自身灭活的 LentiGlobin 载体在人体中进行的临床试验正在进行之中。[61]Bank A, Dorazio R, Leboulch P. A phase I/II clinical trial of beta-globin gene therapy for beta-thalassemia. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1054:308-316.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16339679?tool=bestpractice.com拟使用的方法包括球蛋白转基因表达和 RNA 干扰共调节、[62]Samakoglu S, Lisowski L, Budak-Alpdogan T, et al. A genetic strategy to treat sickle cell anemia by coregulating globin transgene expression and RNA interference. Nat Biotechnol. 2006;24:89-94.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16378095?tool=bestpractice.com以同源重组进行球蛋白基因转染。[63]Chang JC, Ye L, Kan YW. Correction of the sickle cell mutation in embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103:1036-1040.http://www.pnas.org/content/103/4/1036.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407095?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Wu LC, Sun CW, Ryan TM, et al. Correction of sickle cell disease by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Blood. 2006;108:1183-1188.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/108/4/1183.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16638928?tool=bestpractice.com通过肝杀菌肽基因 (HAMP) 转染降低肠道铁吸收[65]Gardenghi S, Ramos P, Follenzi A, et al. Hepcidin and Hfe in iron overload in beta-thalassemia. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1202:221-225.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20712796?tool=bestpractice.com和使用反义 mRNA。[66]Suwanmanee T, Sierakowska H, Lacerra G, et al. Restoration of human beta-globin gene expression in murine and human IVS2-654 thalassemic erythroid cells by free uptake of antisense oligonucleotides. Mol Pharmacol. 2002;62:545-553.http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/62/3/545.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12181431?tool=bestpractice.com
刺激胎儿血红蛋白的产生
对于具有有效红细胞生成的中间型β-地中海贫血患者考虑使用几种药物,疗效各异。这些药物包括氮杂胞苷、羟基脲、红细胞生成素、丁酸盐衍生物和氯高铁血红素,可采用单药治疗或联合治疗。使用可耐受剂量治疗时,这些药物没有任何一种显示出一致性疗效。[50]Taher AT, Musallam KM, Cappellini MD, et al. Optimal management of beta thalassaemia intermedia. Br J Haematol. 2011;152:512-523.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21250971?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Wilber A, Nienhuis AW, Persons DA. Transcriptional regulation of fetal to adult hemoglobin switching: new therapeutic opportunities. Blood. 2011;117:3945-3953.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/117/15/3945.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21321359?tool=bestpractice.com研究已显示,在 Hb E β-地中海贫血患者中,羟基脲可使血红蛋白增高至足以减少输血需求的水平。[68]Singer ST, Kuypers FA, Olivieri NF, et al; E/beta Thalassaemia Study Group. Fetal haemoglobin augmentation in E/beta(0) thalassaemia: clinical and haematological outcome. Br J Haematol. 2005;131:378-388.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16225658?tool=bestpractice.com