中枢神经刺激疗法
部分上由纤维肌痛研究为疼痛领域带来的一个令人兴奋的发展为,在应用中枢神经刺激疗法治疗纤维肌痛和其他相关疾病方面,人们的兴趣和相关知识猛增。[76]Mhalla A, Baudic S, Ciampi de Andrade D, et al. Long-term maintenance of the analgesic effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation in fibromyalgia. Pain. 2011;152:1478-1485.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21397400?tool=bestpractice.com[77]O'Connell NE, Wand BM, Marston L, et al. Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques for chronic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(4):CD008208.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008208.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24729198?tool=bestpractice.com已经证明这些疗法(包括经颅直流电刺激、磁刺激)对纤维肌痛的疼痛和其他症状有非常好的效果,在某些情况下,停止治疗后仍能保持很好的治疗效果。[78]Fagerlund AJ, Hansen OA, Aslaksen PM. Transcranial direct current stimulation as a treatment for patients with fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. Pain. 2015;156:62-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25599302?tool=bestpractice.com
噁泼西汀 (esreboxetine)
该药是一种具有高度选择性的去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂,已对其进行临床前动物模型研究,目前正在评估是否能用于治疗纤维肌痛。一项纳入 267 例患者的盲法、安慰剂对照研究结果显示:在每周平均疼痛方面,噁泼西汀 (esreboxetine) 组较安慰剂组显著改善,此外治疗组报告疼痛程度缓解>30% 的患者比例更高(分别为 37.6% 和 22.4%)。生活质量和功能指标也有改善。[65]Arnold LM, Chatamra K, Hirsch I, et al. Safety and efficacy of esreboxetine in patients with fibromyalgia: An 8-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Ther. 2010;32:1618-1632.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20974319?tool=bestpractice.com
手法治疗
有关于按摩治疗的中等质量证据和关于脊柱推拿的较低质量有限证据表明,这些治疗可能有助于缓解纤维肌痛患者的症状。[79]Schneider M, Vernon H, Ko G, et al. Chiropractic management of fibromyalgia syndrome: a systematic review of the literature. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2009;32:25-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19121462?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Bronfort GH, Haas M, Evans R, et al. Effectiveness of manual therapies: The UK evidence report. Chiroprac Osteopat. 2010;18:3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841070/[81]Kalichman L. Massage therapy for fibromyalgia symptoms. Rheumatol Int. 2010;30:1151-1157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20306046?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Ernst E. Chiropractic treatment for fibromyalgia: a systematic review. Clin Rheumatol. 2009;28:1175-1178.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19544042?tool=bestpractice.com
迷走神经刺激 (vagus nerve stimulation, VNS)
在实验室模型中已经证明 VNS 可以有效减少疼痛,进一步的研究正在计划之中。研究拟植入 VNS 单元来治疗难治性纤维肌痛。[83]Lange G. Vagus nerve stimulation in fibromyalgia. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases grant 5R01AR053732-03. http://projectreporter.nih.gov/ (last accessed 18 August 2017).http://projectreporter.nih.gov/project_info_description.cfm?aid=7268841&icde=2476126
生物反馈
已经有学者提出用自主神经功能紊乱来解释纤维肌痛的一些症状。心率变异性 (heart rate variability, HRV) 生物反馈训练,是通过指导患者以共振频率呼吸,来帮助降低交感神经过度兴奋,从而可能减轻疼痛。有非常少量的证据表明,进行 10 周 HRV 生物反馈治疗可减轻疼痛、抑郁,并增强功能。[84]Radvanski DC, Vaschillo EG, Vaschillo B, et al. A pilot study of the efficacy of heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback in patients with fibromyalgia. App Psychophys Biofeedback. 2007;32:1-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17219062?tool=bestpractice.com在一项设计欠佳的小样本研究中,肌电生物反馈治疗对减轻患者疼痛有一定效果,[85]Babu AS, Mathew E, Danda D, et al. Management of patients with fibromyalgia using biofeedback: a randomized control trial. Indian J Med Sci. 2007;61:455-461.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17679735?tool=bestpractice.com但需要进一步的研究。
针灸
关于针灸治疗纤维肌痛的试验得出了不一致的结果。[86]Assefi NP, Sherman KJ, Jacobsen C, et al. A randomized clinical trial of acupuncture compared with sham acupuncture in fibromyalgia. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143:10-19.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15998750?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Martin DP, Sletten CD, Williams BA, et al. Improvement in fibromyalgia symptoms with acupuncture: results of a randomized controlled trial. Mayo Clin Proc. 2006;81:749-757.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16770975?tool=bestpractice.com一篇系统评价显示,对于其他治疗无效的患者,应考虑进行针灸,因为已知它是无害的;[88]Rooks DS. Fibromyalgia treatment update. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2007;19:111-117.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17278924?tool=bestpractice.com但是,另一篇系统评价指出,关于针灸用于减轻这一患者群疼痛的证据不足。[89]Martin-Sanchez E, Torralba E, Díaz-Domínguez E, et al. Efficacy of acupuncture for the treatment of fibromyalgia: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Open Rheumatol J. 2009;3:25-29.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19590596?tool=bestpractice.com一篇针对采用中医 (traditional Chinese medicine, TCM) 治疗纤维肌痛随机试验的系统评价表明,使用中医方法(包括针灸、中药和拔罐)治疗纤维肌痛似乎是有效的,但这些试验存在方法不够严谨的局限性。[90]Cao H, Liu J, Lewith GT. Traditional Chinese Medicine for treatment of fibromyalgia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Altern Complement Med. 2010;16:397-409.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20423209?tool=bestpractice.com
顺势疗法
一篇关于应用顺势疗法缓解纤维肌痛症状临床试验的系统评价指出,有 3 项安慰剂对照随机研究显示该治疗方法有效,但需要更多的研究。[91]Perry R, Terry R, Ernst E. A systematic review of homoeopathy for the treatment of fibromyalgia. Clin Rheumatol. 2010;29:457-464.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20099019?tool=bestpractice.com
草本/补充剂治疗
有研究提示镁剂、左旋肉碱、S-腺苷甲硫氨酸可能有益,但还不能得出这些或其他补充剂有效的确切结论。[92]Porter NS, Jason LA, Boulton A, et al. Alternative medical interventions used in the treatment and management of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. J Altern Complement Med. 2010;16:235-249.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20192908?tool=bestpractice.com
羟丁酸钠
羟丁酸钠(也被称为 γ-羟丁酸)是一种对纤维肌痛非常有效的化合物。[93]Russell IJ, Holman AJ, Swick TJ, et al. Sodium oxybate reduces pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbance and improves functionality in fibromyalgia: results from a 14-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Pain. 2011;152:1007-1017.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21397402?tool=bestpractice.com它是 γ-氨基丁酸 (γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA) 的前体,能改善第 3、4 阶段非快速眼动睡眠的质量。有证据表明,使用该药物可改善纤维肌痛患者的疼痛、疲劳和睡眠。尽管存在高度有效的数据,但是由于安全性的问题,这种药物还没有被广泛认可。尽管如此,该药可以同时改善睡眠、疼痛、疲劳的有益作用强烈提示,低水平 GABA 是纤维肌痛和相关疾病的重要治疗目标。已将羟丁酸钠用于治疗发作性睡病患者的猝倒,但它仍是一种受到监控的药物,只能从中心药房获得。[94]Russell IJ, Bennett RM, Michalek JE. Sodium oxybate relieves pain and improves sleep in fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center clinical trial. Presented at the 69th Annual Meeting of the American College of Rheumatology, 2005. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(suppl 9):abstract L30.在美国正在进行更进一步的研究。[94]Russell IJ, Bennett RM, Michalek JE. Sodium oxybate relieves pain and improves sleep in fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center clinical trial. Presented at the 69th Annual Meeting of the American College of Rheumatology, 2005. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(suppl 9):abstract L30.
低剂量纳曲酮
一项已发表的研究表明,低剂量纳曲酮可有效缓解纤维肌痛的症状,[95]Younger J, Mackey S. Fibromyalgia symptoms are reduced by low-dose naltrexone: a pilot study. Pain Med. 2009;10:663-672.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2891387/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19453963?tool=bestpractice.com该结果被另一项尚未发表的单独研究证实。
大麻素类
虽然尚未广泛批准将大麻素类药物用于治疗慢性疼痛,但是在纤维肌痛与其他慢性疼痛疾病患者中,此类药物已经显示出有效性。[96]Lynch ME, Campbell F. Cannabinoids for treatment of chronic non-cancer pain; a systematic review of randomized trials. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;72:735-744.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03970.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21426373?tool=bestpractice.com
输注氯胺酮
除了 5-羟色胺和去甲肾上腺素神经递质系统,谷氨酰胺系统也明确参与了纤维肌痛的发病,并且更广泛地参与了痛觉产生,因为事实表明,静脉输注氯胺酮似乎可以预测随后美沙芬对纤维肌痛的治疗效果,但它本身作为长期治疗是无效的。[97]Cohen SP, Verdolin MH, Chang AS, et al. The intravenous ketamine test predicts subsequent response to an oral dextromethorphan treatment regimen in fibromyalgia patients. J Pain. 2006;7:391-398.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16750795?tool=bestpractice.com
美金刚
一项研究显示,除了使用加巴喷丁或氯胺酮阻断谷氨酰胺活性,美金刚对治疗纤维肌痛也可能有益。[98]Olivan-Blázquez B, Herrera-Mercadal P, Puebla-Guedea M, et al. Efficacy of memantine in the treatment of fibromyalgia: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial with 6-month follow-up. Pain. 2014;155:2517-2525.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25218600?tool=bestpractice.com
气功
气功是一种武术疗法,是中医的一部分。证据非常少,仅有一项研究显示,患者的疼痛明显减轻,功能也显著改善。[99]Chen KW, Hassett AL, Hou F, et al. A pilot study of external qigong therapy for patients with fibromyalgia. J Altern Complement Med. 2006;12:851-856.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17109575?tool=bestpractice.com
水疗法
在欧洲国家比较常用,已有一些小型研究对水浴(或者为了治疗的目的使用水)治疗纤维肌痛治疗进行了评估。沐浴疗法(暖或冷的药水浴或泥浆浴)或温泉疗法(矿泉水浴)都是水疗的形式。一项 meta 分析发现关于对纤维肌痛进行水疗的研究样本量小、质量差,不过该分析表明水疗可以使用纤维肌痛患者的疼痛出现适度的短期缓解。[100]Langhorst J, Musial F, Klose P, et al. Efficacy of hydrotherapy in fibromyalgia syndrome - a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009;48:1155-1159.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19608724?tool=bestpractice.com