8%-28% 的个体在一生中某段时间经历过惊恐发作。[2]Olaya B, Moneta MV, Miret M, et al. Epidemiology of panic attacks, panic disorder and the moderating role of age: results from a population-based study. J Affect Disord. 2018 Dec 1;241:627-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30172214?tool=bestpractice.com[3]de Jonge P, Roest AM, Lim CC, et al. Cross-national epidemiology of panic disorder and panic attacks in the world mental health surveys. Depress Anxiety. 2016 Dec;33(12):1155-77.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5143159/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27775828?tool=bestpractice.com 在《精神障碍诊断与统计手册》(DSM)-5 中,惊恐障碍患病率的估计值如下,青少年和成人大约为 2%-3%,14 岁以下儿童的患病率则低得多(<0.4%)。[4]Beesdo K, Knappe S, Pine DS. Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: developmental issues and implications for DSM-V. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2009 Sep;32(3):483-524.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3018839/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19716988?tool=bestpractice.com 在DSM-5中,广场恐怖症目前是独立的诊断,因此它与惊恐障碍共病的资料不明确。 根据DSM-IV-TR诊断标准(在该诊断标准内,惊恐障碍可以被分为伴或不伴广场恐怖),不伴广场恐怖的惊恐障碍的终生和12个月患病率分别约为4.0%和1.5%。[5]Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Jin R, et al. The epidemiology of panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Apr;63(4):415-24.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1958997/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16585471?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Grant BF, Hasin DS, Stinson FS, et al. The epidemiology of DSM-IV panic disorder and agoraphobia in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;67(3):363-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16649821?tool=bestpractice.com 惊恐障碍伴广场恐怖的终生(1.0%)和12个月患病率(0.5%)更低。[5]Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Jin R, et al. The epidemiology of panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Apr;63(4):415-24.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1958997/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16585471?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Grant BF, Hasin DS, Stinson FS, et al. The epidemiology of DSM-IV panic disorder and agoraphobia in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;67(3):363-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16649821?tool=bestpractice.com 14项欧洲国家的汇总数据显示,其惊恐障碍流行病学结果与美国的结果相似。[7]Goodwin RD, Faravelli C, Rosi S, et al. The epidemiology of panic disorder and agoraphobia in Europe. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005 Aug;15(4):435-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15925492?tool=bestpractice.com 基层医疗中惊恐障碍发病率约为 7.0%,[8]Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, et al. Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Mar 6;146(5):317-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17339617?tool=bestpractice.com 因心脏和胃肠道症状就诊的患者中,发生率显著增加。[9]Roy-Byrne PP, Wagner AW, Schraufnagel TJ. Understanding and treating panic disorder in the primary care setting. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66 Suppl 4:16-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15842183?tool=bestpractice.com 与白种人相比,美洲原住民发展成惊恐发作和惊恐障碍的几率更高。[5]Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Jin R, et al. The epidemiology of panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Apr;63(4):415-24.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1958997/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16585471?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Grant BF, Hasin DS, Stinson FS, et al. The epidemiology of DSM-IV panic disorder and agoraphobia in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;67(3):363-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16649821?tool=bestpractice.com 而亚洲人、西班牙人和黑人的几率较低。[6]Grant BF, Hasin DS, Stinson FS, et al. The epidemiology of DSM-IV panic disorder and agoraphobia in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;67(3):363-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16649821?tool=bestpractice.com 惊恐发作最有可能发生在 20 几岁中期阶段,[7]Goodwin RD, Faravelli C, Rosi S, et al. The epidemiology of panic disorder and agoraphobia in Europe. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005 Aug;15(4):435-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15925492?tool=bestpractice.com 男性出现症状的年龄较女性稍早。[10]Clayton AH, Stewart RS, Fayyad R, et al. Sex differences in clinical presentation and response in panic disorder: pooled data from sertraline treatment studies. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2006 May;9(3):151-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16292466?tool=bestpractice.com 青少年期的惊恐症状可以作为成年其他焦虑或心境障碍风险增高的预测因素。[11]Hammerness P, Harpold T, Petty C, et al. Characterizing non-OCD anxiety disorders in psychiatrically referred children and adolescents. J Affect Disord. 2008 Jan;105(1-3):213-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17572506?tool=bestpractice.com 伴或不伴广场恐怖的惊恐障碍最可能发生于20岁或30岁早期,女性比男性更多见,约2-3倍。[5]Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Jin R, et al. The epidemiology of panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Apr;63(4):415-24.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1958997/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16585471?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Grant BF, Hasin DS, Stinson FS, et al. The epidemiology of DSM-IV panic disorder and agoraphobia in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;67(3):363-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16649821?tool=bestpractice.com 惊恐发作和惊恐障碍的患病率随着年龄增长而下降。[2]Olaya B, Moneta MV, Miret M, et al. Epidemiology of panic attacks, panic disorder and the moderating role of age: results from a population-based study. J Affect Disord. 2018 Dec 1;241:627-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30172214?tool=bestpractice.com 惊恐障碍与焦虑障碍、心境障碍和物质滥用障碍(包括尼古丁依赖)的共病率很高。[6]Grant BF, Hasin DS, Stinson FS, et al. The epidemiology of DSM-IV panic disorder and agoraphobia in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;67(3):363-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16649821?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Goodwin RD, Lieb R, Hoefler M, et al. Panic attack as a risk factor for severe psychopathology. Am J Psychiatry. 2004 Dec;161(12):2207-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15569891?tool=bestpractice.com 吸烟也可以增加晚发惊恐障碍的风险。[13]Cosci F, Knuts IJ, Abrams K, et al. Cigarette smoking and panic: a critical review of the literature. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010 May;71(5):606-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19961810?tool=bestpractice.com 与抑郁障碍共病很常见(33%~85%),尤其是伴有广场恐怖的患者。[8]Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, et al. Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Mar 6;146(5):317-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17339617?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Rodriguez BF, Bruce SE, Pagano ME, et al. Relationships among psychosocial functioning, diagnostic comorbidity, and the recurrence of generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and major depression. J Anxiety Disord. 2005;19(7):752-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16076422?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Roy-Byrne PP, Stein MB, Russo J, et al. Panic disorder in the primary care setting: comorbidity, disability, service utilization, and treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999 Jul;60(7):492-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10453807?tool=bestpractice.com