肺栓塞严重程度指数 (PESI) 和简化肺栓塞严重程度指数 (sPESI) 将不伴休克或低血压的 PE 确诊患者归类为 30 天死亡率有所升高的类别中。研究显示,PESI 和 sPESI 预测短期死亡率的准确性相似,但后者更易使用。[170]Vinson DR, Ballard DW, Mark DG, et al; MAPLE Investigators of the KP CREST Network. Risk stratifying emergency department patients with acute pulmonary embolism: does the simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index perform as well as the original? Thromb Res. 2016 Dec;148:1-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27764729?tool=bestpractice.com[171]Zhou XY, Ben SQ, Chen HL, et al. The prognostic value of pulmonary embolism severity index in acute pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. Respir Res. 2012 Dec 4;13:111.https://respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1465-9921-13-111http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23210843?tool=bestpractice.com使用 sPESI 评分时,高风险组患者的短期死亡率为 10.9%,而低风险组的 30 天死亡率为 1%。
死亡的原因常为继发于右心室 (RV) 衰竭的心源性休克。一项关于 3283 位血流动力学稳定的急性 PE 患者的系统评价和 Meta 分析发现,伴有右心室功能不全患者的短期死亡风险要显著高于无右心室功能不全的患者(比值比 2.29,95% CI 1.61 至 3.26)。[184]Cho JH, Kutti Sridharan G, Kim SH, et al. Right ventricular dysfunction as an echocardiographic prognostic factor in hemodynamically stable patients with acute pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2014 May 6;14:64.https://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2261-14-64http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24884693?tool=bestpractice.com院内或 30 天死亡率在右心室功能不全患者中报告为 167/1223 (13.7%),在不伴右心室功能不全的患者中为 134/2060 (6.5%)。[184]Cho JH, Kutti Sridharan G, Kim SH, et al. Right ventricular dysfunction as an echocardiographic prognostic factor in hemodynamically stable patients with acute pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2014 May 6;14:64.https://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2261-14-64http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24884693?tool=bestpractice.com
疾病登记处的数据显示,低血压(收缩压<90 mmGg)可增加急性 PE 患者的死亡率。[185]Lin BW, Schreiber DH, Liu G, et al. Therapy and outcomes in massive pulmonary embolism from the Emergency Medicine Pulmonary Embolism in the Real World Registry. Am J Emerg Med. 2012 Nov;30(9):1774-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22633723?tool=bestpractice.com在参与真实世界注册中急诊医学肺栓塞 (Emergency Medicine Pulmonary Embolism in the Real World Registry) 前瞻性观察研究的 1875 位患者中,58 位患有低血压患者的全因院内死亡率 (13.8% vs 3.0%, P <0.001) 和 30 天死亡率 (14.0% vs 1.8%, P <0.001) 均显著高于无低血压的患者。[185]Lin BW, Schreiber DH, Liu G, et al. Therapy and outcomes in massive pulmonary embolism from the Emergency Medicine Pulmonary Embolism in the Real World Registry. Am J Emerg Med. 2012 Nov;30(9):1774-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22633723?tool=bestpractice.com在静脉血栓栓塞的计算机登记 (Registro Informatizado de la Enfermedad TromboEmbolica venosa, RIETE) 研究中,248 位伴有低血压(收缩压<90 mmHg)的症状性 PE 患者的 90 天死亡率为 9.27%,而与此相比,症状性非大面积 PE 患者为 2.99%。[82]Laporte S, Mismetti P, Décousus H, et al; RIETE Investigators. Clinical predictors for fatal pulmonary embolism in 15,520 patients with venous thromboembolism: findings from the Registro Informatizado de la Enfermedad TromboEmbolica venosa (RIETE) Registry. Circulation. 2008 Apr 1;117(13):1711-6.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/117/13/1711.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18347212?tool=bestpractice.com