对于不同患者群,有具体的静脉血栓栓塞 (VTE) 一级预防建议。[36]Bates SM, Greer IA, Middeldorp S, et al. VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e691S-736S.https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(12)60136-6/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315276?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Kahn SR, Lim W, Dunn AS, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonsurgical patients. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e195S-226S.https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(12)60124-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315261?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Falck-Ytter Y, Francis CW, Johanson NA, et al. Prevention of VTE in orthopedic surgery patients. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e278S-325S.https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(12)60126-3/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315265?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e227S-77S.https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(12)60125-1/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315263?tool=bestpractice.com方法包括血栓的药物预防(例如,低分子肝素 [LMWH]、普通肝素、直接口服抗凝药、磺达肝癸钠)和血栓的机械预防(例如,循序加压弹力袜、间歇充气加压 [IPC])。 [
]How does low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LMWH) compare with unfractionated heparin (UFH) for adults with an acute medical illness and reduced mobility?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2288/full显示答案
不推荐将下腔静脉 (IVC) 过滤器用于在普外科手术、腹部盆腔手术或严重创伤患者中对 VTE 的一级预防。[66]Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e227S-77S.https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(12)60125-1/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315263?tool=bestpractice.comIVC 过滤器预防 PE 的有效性尚不清楚。[67]Kidane B, Madani AM, Vogt K, et al. The use of prophylactic inferior vena cava filters in trauma patients: a systematic review. Injury. 2012 May;43(5):542-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22386925?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Bikdeli B, Chatterjee S, Desai NR, et al. Inferior vena cava filters to prevent pulmonary embolism: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Sep 26;70(13):1587-97.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28935036?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Mont MA, Jacobs JJ, Boggio LN, et al; AAOS. Preventing venous thromboembolic disease in patients undergoing elective hip and knee arthroplasty. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2011 Dec;19(12):768-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22134209?tool=bestpractice.com
非手术患者
对于 VTE 风险增加的内科急性入院患者,推荐使用 LMWH、低剂量普通肝素或磺达肝癸钠抗凝来预防血栓。[64]Kahn SR, Lim W, Dunn AS, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonsurgical patients. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e195S-226S.https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(12)60124-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315261?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LMWH) compare with unfractionated heparin (UFH) for adults with an acute medical illness and reduced mobility?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2288/full显示答案若有出血或患者有大出血的高风险,则推荐使用循序加压弹力袜或 IPC 机械性预防血栓。对于发生卒中的内科住院患者,优选 IPC。[70]Dennis M, Sandercock P, Graham C, et al; CLOTS (Clots in Legs Or sTockings after Stroke) Trials Collaboration. The Clots in Legs Or sTockings after Stroke (CLOTS) 3 trial: a randomised controlled trial to determine whether or not intermittent pneumatic compression reduces the risk of post-stroke deep vein thrombosis and to estimate its cost-effectiveness. Health Technol Assess. 2015 Sep;19(76):1-90.https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/hta19760/#/abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26418530?tool=bestpractice.com
药物性和机械性血栓预防均不推荐用于血栓形成风险较低的急性非手术住院患者。[64]Kahn SR, Lim W, Dunn AS, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonsurgical patients. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e195S-226S.https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(12)60124-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315261?tool=bestpractice.com
骨科手术患者
推荐对进行选择性髋关节或膝关节置换术的患者使用 LMWH、磺达肝癸钠、阿哌沙班、达比加群、利伐沙班、低剂量普通肝素、调整剂量后的维生素 K 拮抗剂、阿司匹林或 IPC 进行预防(为期 10-14 天)。[65]Falck-Ytter Y, Francis CW, Johanson NA, et al. Prevention of VTE in orthopedic surgery patients. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e278S-325S.https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(12)60126-3/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315265?tool=bestpractice.com推荐在进行较大的骨科手术之后进行最长达 35 天的血栓预防。[65]Falck-Ytter Y, Francis CW, Johanson NA, et al. Prevention of VTE in orthopedic surgery patients. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e278S-325S.https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(12)60126-3/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315265?tool=bestpractice.com
对于进行髋部骨折手术的患者,推荐使用 LMWH、磺达肝癸钠、低剂量普通肝素、调整剂量后的维生素 K 拮抗剂、阿司匹林或 IPC(为期 10-14 天)。
全髋关节置换术后早期活动可降低发生 VTE 的风险。[71]White RH, Gettner S, Newman JM, et al. Predictors of rehospitalization for symptomatic venous thromboembolism after total hip arthroplasty. N Engl J Med. 2000 Dec 14;343(24):1758-64.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM200012143432403http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11114314?tool=bestpractice.com
普外科和腹部-盆腔手术
推荐 VTE 风险很低的患者早期活动。[66]Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e227S-77S.https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(12)60125-1/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315263?tool=bestpractice.com推荐低风险的普外科和腹部-盆腔手术患者使用 IPC 进行机械性血栓预防。
对于进行普外科和腹部-盆腔手术、且有中度但非高度大出血并发症风险的患者,推荐使用 LMWH、低剂量普通肝素或 IPC。[66]Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e227S-77S.https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(12)60125-1/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315263?tool=bestpractice.com对于有中等 VTE 风险且有高度严重出血并发症风险的患者,或对于大出血可能造成很严重后果的患者来说,应使用 IPC 进行机械性血栓预防。[72]Kakkos SK, Caprini JA, Geroulakos G, et al. Combined intermittent pneumatic leg compression and pharmacological prophylaxis for prevention of venous thromboembolism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Sep 7;(9):CD005258.http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005258.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27600864?tool=bestpractice.com
对于有高度 VTE 风险但没有高度严重出血并发症风险的患者,应接受 LMWH 或低剂量普通肝素和机械性血栓预防(弹力袜或 IPC)。[66]Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e227S-77S.https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(12)60125-1/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315263?tool=bestpractice.com在禁忌使用 LMWH 和普通肝素时,小剂量阿司匹林、磺达肝癸钠或机械性预防可作为替代治疗。对于有高度大出血风险以及大出血可能造成严重后果的患者来说,推荐使用 IPC。
妊娠
推荐 VTE 风险增加的妊娠女性使用 LMWH 预防 VTE。[36]Bates SM, Greer IA, Middeldorp S, et al. VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e691S-736S.https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(12)60136-6/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315276?tool=bestpractice.com对于满足抗磷脂综合征实验室和临床(有 3 次或以上流产病史)标准的女性,推荐在产前使用预防性或中等计量的普通肝素,或预防性 LMWH 联合小剂量阿司匹林治疗。不推荐以下患者进行抗血栓性预防:具有遗传性易栓症和妊娠并发症病史的女性;或者有 2 次或以上流产史但没有抗磷脂抗体或易栓症的女性。[36]Bates SM, Greer IA, Middeldorp S, et al. VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e691S-736S.https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(12)60136-6/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315276?tool=bestpractice.com
癌症患者以及患有癌症的外科患者
对于有 VTE 额外危险因素且出血风险较低的门诊实体肿瘤患者,推荐使用预防剂量的 LMWH 或低剂量普通肝素。[64]Kahn SR, Lim W, Dunn AS, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonsurgical patients. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e195S-226S.https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(12)60124-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315261?tool=bestpractice.com
对于没有额外 VTE 危险因素的门诊癌症患者,不推荐进行常规药物预防。[64]Kahn SR, Lim W, Dunn AS, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonsurgical patients. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e195S-226S.https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(12)60124-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315261?tool=bestpractice.com
对于 VTE 高风险患者,若其因癌症进行腹部或盆腔手术,以及除非存在其他严重出血并发症的高风险,应使用 LMWH 进行延长的药物预防治疗(4 周)。[66]Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e227S-77S.https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(12)60125-1/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315263?tool=bestpractice.com
对于门诊癌症患者,不推荐使用药物预防导管相关性血栓。[64]Kahn SR, Lim W, Dunn AS, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonsurgical patients. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e195S-226S.https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(12)60124-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315261?tool=bestpractice.com
心胸外科手术
进行心外科手术的患者,若术后未出现并发症,应进行机械性血栓预防,优选 IPC。[66]Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e227S-77S.https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(12)60125-1/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315263?tool=bestpractice.com若心外科手术患者因非出血性手术并发症而延长住院时间,则可将 LMWH 或低剂量普通肝素加入其机械性预防治疗中。
对于有中度 VTE 风险的胸外科手术患者,若无高度围手术期出血风险,推荐使用 LMWH、低剂量普通肝素或 IPC。[66]Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e227S-77S.https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(12)60125-1/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315263?tool=bestpractice.com对于有高度 VTE 风险的胸外科手术患者,若其没有围手术期出血的高风险,则推荐使用 LMWH 或低剂量普通肝素,加上 IPC 或弹力袜。推荐有高度严重出血风险的胸外科手术患者使用 IPC。
严重创伤患者
对于严重创伤患者,推荐使用 LMWH、低剂量普通肝素或 IPC 预防 VTE。[66]Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e227S-77S.https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(12)60125-1/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315263?tool=bestpractice.com推荐高危 VTE 患者(例如,有急性脊髓损伤、创伤性脑损伤和因外伤行脊柱手术的患者)采用药物性预防;若不因下肢损伤禁忌采用,可加以机械性预防手段。[72]Kakkos SK, Caprini JA, Geroulakos G, et al. Combined intermittent pneumatic leg compression and pharmacological prophylaxis for prevention of venous thromboembolism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Sep 7;(9):CD005258.http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005258.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27600864?tool=bestpractice.com推荐禁忌使用 LMWH 和低剂量普通肝素的严重创伤患者使用 IPC(若无禁忌)。[66]Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e227S-77S.https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(12)60125-1/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315263?tool=bestpractice.com
开颅手术和脊柱手术
推荐使用 IPC 对开颅和脊柱手术患者进行 VTE 的预防。[66]Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e227S-77S.https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(12)60125-1/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315263?tool=bestpractice.com对于有极高 VTE 风险的开颅和脊柱手术患者(例如患有恶性肿瘤的患者),在稳态已建立且出血风险降低后,可将药物性预防加入机械预防治疗中。
长途旅行
阿司匹林和抗凝药均不推荐用于长途旅行者的 VTE 预防。[64]Kahn SR, Lim W, Dunn AS, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonsurgical patients. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e195S-226S.https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(12)60124-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315261?tool=bestpractice.com对于 VTE 风险增加的旅行者(例如,近期手术或创伤、活动性恶性病变、妊娠)应:使用合身、位于膝盖之下的循序加压弹力袜,在旅程中为脚踝处提供 15-30 mmHg 的压力;经常活动和走动;运动小腿肌肉;坐在靠近过道的座位上(若可能的话)。