有假设指出,Legg-Calvé-Perthes' (Perthes') 病的病因是单一或多重血管事件,随后出现血管再生。尽管过去几年已经提出多种理论,但是 Perthes 病更有可能涉及多因素。一项研究表明,发病年龄符合感染性疾病的典型模式。[7]Perry DC, Skellorn PJ, Bruce CE. The lognormal age of onset distribution in Perthes' disease: an analysis from a large well-defined cohort. Bone Joint J. 2016;98-B:710-714.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27143746?tool=bestpractice.com 在受累患者中,未发现遗传模式,患者亲戚的患病率低。[8]Wynne-Davies R, Gormley J. The aetiology of Perthes' disease. Genetic, epidemiological and growth factors in 310 Edinburgh and Glasgow patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1978;60:6-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/564352?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Harper PS, Brotherton BJ, Cochin D. Genetic risks in Perthes' disease. Clin Genet. 1976;10:178-182.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/963906?tool=bestpractice.com
在 4-7 岁时,股骨头的血液供应来源于骺外侧血管。股骨头梗死的病因具有争议,可能为动脉源性,也可能是由静脉血栓形成引起。[10]Neidel J, Boddenberg B, Zander D, et al. Thyroid function in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: cross-sectional and longitudinal study. J Pediatr Orthop. 1993;13:592-597.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8376558?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Kleinman RG, Bleck EE. Increased blood viscosity in patients with Legg-Perthes disease: a preliminary report. J Pediatr Orthop. 1981;1:131-136.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7334088?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Gregosiewicz A, Okonski M, Stolecka D, et al. Ischemia of the femoral head in Perthes' disease: is the cause intra- or extravascular? J Pediatr Orthop. 1989;9:160-162.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2647785?tool=bestpractice.com 由于患侧相关的上关节囊动脉或内侧旋股动脉阻塞,动脉血供应可能减少。[13]Théron J. Angiography in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Radiology. 1980;135:81-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7360984?tool=bestpractice.com[14]de Camargo FP, de Godoy RM Jr, Tovo R. Angiography in Perthes' disease. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984;191:216-220.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6499314?tool=bestpractice.com 与此不同,股骨头的静脉口径中等,与皮肤浅静脉或脑部静脉类似。已有文献表明,在受累患者中,存在静脉高血压。然而,尚不清楚血栓形成是主要因素,还是与其他病因共同导致疾病发生。[15]Mehta JS, Conybeare ME, Hinves BL, et al. Protein C levels in patients with Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: is it a true deficiency? J Pediatr Orthop. 2006;26:200-203.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16557135?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Arruda VR, Belangero WD, Ozelo MC, et al. Inherited risk factors for thrombophilia among children with Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 1999;19:84-87.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9890294?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Grogan DP, Love SM, Ogden JA, et al. Chondro-osseous growth abnormalities after meningococcemia. A clinical and histopathological study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1989;71:920-928.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2501309?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Liu SL, Ho TC. The role of venous hypertension in the pathogenesis of Legg-Perthes disease. A clinical and experimental study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1991;73:194-200.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1993714?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Glueck CJ, Freiberg RA, Crawford A, et al. Secondhand smoke, hypofibrinolysis, and Legg-Perthes disease. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1998;352:159-167.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9678044?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Suramo I, Puranen J, Heikkinen E, et al. Disturbed patterns of venous drainage of the femoral neck in Perthes' disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1974;56:448-453.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4425204?tool=bestpractice.com 4-8 岁的男孩具有的独特血管解剖结构使得他们在存在血高凝状态和其他因素时易患此病。[21]Chung SM. The arterial supply of the developing proximal end of the human femur. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976;58:961-970.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/977628?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Trueta J. The normal vascular anatomy of the femoral head in adult man. 1953. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1997;334:6-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9005890?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Ferguson AB Jr. Segmental vascular changes in the femoral head in children and adults. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1985;200:291-298.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4064391?tool=bestpractice.com 血液高凝状态下的促凝血事件可以导致血栓形成和股骨头梗死。
在年幼时血管血栓形成并不常见,但是遗传缺陷可能导致其出现,[16]Arruda VR, Belangero WD, Ozelo MC, et al. Inherited risk factors for thrombophilia among children with Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 1999;19:84-87.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9890294?tool=bestpractice.com 例如对活化蛋白 C 的抵抗。蛋白 C 是一种维生素 K 依赖的凝血蛋白,能够通过与凝血因子 V 和 VIII 相互作用,导致前凝血素酶、凝血因子 Xa 和凝血酶减少。[24]Dahlback B, Stenflo J. A natural anticoagulant pathway: proteins C,S, C4b-binding protein and thrombomodulin. In: Bloom AL, Forbes CD, Thomas DP, et al. eds. Haemostasis and thrombosis. 3rd ed. London: Churchill Livingstone; 1994:671-697. 已知凝血因子 V Leiden 突变与凝血过程有关,因为其替换突变阻止凝血因子 V 与活化蛋白 C 结合。[25]Gruppo R, Glueck CJ, Wall E, et al. Legg-Perthes disease in three siblings, two heterozygous and one homozygous for the factor V Leiden mutation. J Pediatr. 1998;132:885-888.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9602208?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Szepesi K, Pósán E, Hársfalvi J, et al. The most severe forms of Perthes' disease associated with the homozygous Factor V Leiden mutation. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004;86:426-429.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15125132?tool=bestpractice.com 尚不清楚此缺陷是因为转换还是抵抗活化形成。但是,蛋白 C 缺陷会引起中等口径静脉发生血栓形成,导致骨骼和软骨缺血。[15]Mehta JS, Conybeare ME, Hinves BL, et al. Protein C levels in patients with Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: is it a true deficiency? J Pediatr Orthop. 2006;26:200-203.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16557135?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Arruda VR, Belangero WD, Ozelo MC, et al. Inherited risk factors for thrombophilia among children with Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 1999;19:84-87.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9890294?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Grogan DP, Love SM, Ogden JA, et al. Chondro-osseous growth abnormalities after meningococcemia. A clinical and histopathological study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1989;71:920-928.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2501309?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Liu SL, Ho TC. The role of venous hypertension in the pathogenesis of Legg-Perthes disease. A clinical and experimental study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1991;73:194-200.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1993714?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Glueck CJ, Freiberg RA, Crawford A, et al. Secondhand smoke, hypofibrinolysis, and Legg-Perthes disease. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1998;352:159-167.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9678044?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Glueck CJ, Glueck HI, Greenfield D, et al. Protein C and S deficiency, thrombophilia, and hypofibrinolysis: pathophysiologic causes of Legg-Perthes disease. Pediatr Res. 1994;35:383-388.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8047373?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Zahir A, Freeman AR. Cartilage changes following a single episode of infarction of the capital femoral epiphysis in the dog. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1972;54:125-136.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5054441?tool=bestpractice.com
患 Perthes 病的儿童动脉血管口径小,功能降低,这与身体成分无关。[29]Perry DC, Green DJ, Bruce CE, et al. Abnormalities of vascular structure and function in children with Perthes disease. Pediatrics. 2012;130:e126-e131.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22665417?tool=bestpractice.com 在存在积液事件时,穿行于支持带的骺外侧血管容易受到拉伸和压力的影响。[21]Chung SM. The arterial supply of the developing proximal end of the human femur. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976;58:961-970.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/977628?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Trueta J. The normal vascular anatomy of the femoral head in adult man. 1953. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1997;334:6-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9005890?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Ferguson AB Jr. Segmental vascular changes in the femoral head in children and adults. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1985;200:291-298.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4064391?tool=bestpractice.com 短暂性滑膜炎和 Perthes 病之间的因果关系还没有得到最终证实。短暂性滑膜炎实际上属于良性病变,在有长期症状的儿童中,偶尔有发展成为 Perthes 病的风险。[30]Kallio P, Ryoppy S, Kunnamo I. Transient synovitis and Perthes' disease. Is there an aetiological connection? J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1986;68:808-811.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3782251?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Mukamel M, Litmanovitch M, Yosipovich Z, et al. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease following transient synovitis. How often? Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1985;24:629-631.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4053478?tool=bestpractice.com 现已证明 Perthes 病会导致慢性髋关节滑膜炎,伴有滑液中白介素 (interleukin, IL)-6 水平显著升高。[32]Kamiya N, Yamaguchi R, Adapala NS, et al. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease produces chronic hip synovitis and elevation of interleukin-6 in the synovial fluid. J Bone Miner Res. 2015;30:1009-1013.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25556551?tool=bestpractice.com 可能存在相关的关节内压力升高伴血管事件。[18]Liu SL, Ho TC. The role of venous hypertension in the pathogenesis of Legg-Perthes disease. A clinical and experimental study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1991;73:194-200.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1993714?tool=bestpractice.com
一种特定的易感表型为身材矮小、骨龄延迟、青春期前骨骼生长停滞。这导致了一种假说,认为可能存在潜在的内分泌疾病。但是,这些儿童在 12-15 岁时身高正常。[8]Wynne-Davies R, Gormley J. The aetiology of Perthes' disease. Genetic, epidemiological and growth factors in 310 Edinburgh and Glasgow patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1978;60:6-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/564352?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Kealey DW, Lappin KJ, Leslie H, et al. Endocrine profile and physical stature of children with Perthes disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 2004;24:161-166.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15076600?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Harrison MH, Turner MH, Jacobs P. Skeletal immaturity in Perthes' disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1976;58:37-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/178665?tool=bestpractice.com 生长调节素 A 或胰岛素样生长因子 (insulin-like growth factor, IGF) 2 水平升高提示 Perthes 病可能是一种生长转换疾病。[35]Burwell RG, Vernon CL, Dangerfield PH, et al. Raised somatomedin activity in the serum of young boys with Perthes' disease revealed by bioassay. A disease of growth transition? Clin Orthop Rel Res. 1986;209:129-138.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3731586?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Tanaka H, Tanura K, Takano K, et al. Serum somatomedin A in Perthes' disease. Acta Orthop Scand. 1984;55:135-140.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6711278?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Joseph B. Serum immunoglobulin in Perthes' disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1991;73:509-510.http://www.bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/jbjsbr/73-B/3/509.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1670460?tool=bestpractice.com 但是,在这些患者中,生长调节素 C (IGF1) 的水平正常。[38]Kitsugi T, Kasahara Y, Seto Y, et al. Normal somatomedin-C activity measured by radioimmunoassay in Perthes' disease. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;(244):217-221.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2743662?tool=bestpractice.com 一项在患有 Perthes 病、甲状腺功能正常的儿童中进行的大型、横断面、纵向研究发现,与正常对照相比,这些患儿的游离四碘甲状腺原氨酸和三碘甲状腺原氨酸 (FT3、FT4) 水平显著增高,在股骨头受累范围更广的患者中尤其明显。[10]Neidel J, Boddenberg B, Zander D, et al. Thyroid function in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: cross-sectional and longitudinal study. J Pediatr Orthop. 1993;13:592-597.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8376558?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Katz JF. Protein-bound iodine in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1955;37:842-846.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13242613?tool=bestpractice.com 还注意到骨转换降低,但是不清楚这是病因还是结果。[40]Westhoff B, Krauspe R, Kalke AE, et al. Urinary excretion of deoxypyridinoline in Perthes' disease: a prospective, controlled comparative study in 83 children. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2006;88:967-971.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16799006?tool=bestpractice.com
骨骼发育不良的患者中,Perthes 病更为常见。Perthes 病和注意缺陷多动障碍 (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD) 之间也存在联系。[34]Harrison MH, Turner MH, Jacobs P. Skeletal immaturity in Perthes' disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1976;58:37-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/178665?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Weiner DS, O'Dell HW. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Observations on skeletal maturation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1970;68:44-49. 家庭内被动吸烟和/或妊娠期间母亲吸烟可能是诱发因素。[42]Gordon JE, Schoenecker PL, Osland JD, et al. Smoking and socio-economic status in the etiology and severity of Legg-Calvé-Perthes' disease. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2004;13:367-370.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15599226?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Mehta JS, Conybeare ME, Hinves BL, et al. Protein C levels in patients with Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: is it a true deficiency? J Pediatr Orthop. 2006;26:200-203.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16557135?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Glueck CJ, Freiberg RA, Crawford A, et al. Secondhand smoke, hypofibrinolysis, and Legg-Perthes disease. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1998;352:159-167.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9678044?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Garcia Mata S, Ardanaz Aicua E, Hidalgo Overjero A, et al. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease and passive smoking. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20:326-330.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10823599?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Bahmanyar S, Montgomery SM, Weiss RJ, et al. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and other prenatal and perinatal factors and the risk of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Pediatrics. 2008;122:459-464.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18625663?tool=bestpractice.com Perthes 病是一种非外伤性疾病,但可能发现轻微外伤史。