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Bierens JJ, Knape JT, Gelissen HP. Drowning. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2002;8:578-586.

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Yang L, Nong QQ, Li CL, et al. Risk factors for childhood drowning in rural regions of a developing country: a case-control study. Inj Prev. 2007;13:178-182.

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Iqbal A, Shirin T, Ahmed T, et al. Childhood mortality due to drowning in rural Matlab of Bangladesh: magnitude of the problem and proposed solutions. J Health Popul Nutr. 2007;25:370-6.

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Henderson H, Wilson RC. Water incident related hospital activity across England between 1997/8 and 2003/4: a retrospective descriptive study. BMC Public Health 2006;6:210.

Susiva C, Boonrong T. Near-drowning in pediatric respiratory intensive care unit, Siriraj Hospital. J Med Assoc Thail. 2005;88(suppl 8):S44-S47.

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Hasibeder WR. Drowning. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2003;16:139-146.

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2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 12.11: Cardiac arrest in special situations: drowning. Circulation. 2010;122:S847-S848.

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The Resuscitation Council (UK). Resuscitation guidelines. 2015. https://www.resus.org.uk (last accessed 22 August 2017).

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1. Papa L, Heolle R, Ahamed I. Systemic review of definitions for drowning incidents. Resuscitation. 2005;65:255-264.

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2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). June 2017. http://www.cdc.gov/ (last accessed 22 August 2017).

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3. DeNicola LK, Falk JL, Swanson ME, et al. Submersion injuries in children and adults. Crit Care Clin. 1997;13:477-502.

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4. Bove AA, Neuman T. Diving medicine. In: Murray JF, Nadel JA, eds. Textbook of respiratory medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders; 2005:1869-1888.

5. Bierens JJ, Knape JT, Gelissen HP. Drowning. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2002;8:578-586.

摘要

6. Yang L, Nong QQ, Li CL, et al. Risk factors for childhood drowning in rural regions of a developing country: a case-control study. Inj Prev. 2007;13:178-182.

摘要

7. Iqbal A, Shirin T, Ahmed T, et al. Childhood mortality due to drowning in rural Matlab of Bangladesh: magnitude of the problem and proposed solutions. J Health Popul Nutr. 2007;25:370-6.

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8. Henderson H, Wilson RC. Water incident related hospital activity across England between 1997/8 and 2003/4: a retrospective descriptive study. BMC Public Health 2006;6:210.

9. Susiva C, Boonrong T. Near-drowning in pediatric respiratory intensive care unit, Siriraj Hospital. J Med Assoc Thail. 2005;88(suppl 8):S44-S47.

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10. Colebatch HJ, Halamagyi DF. Lung mechanics and resuscitation after fluid aspiration. J Appl Physiol. 1961;16:684-696.

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11. Piantadosi CA, Brown SD. Diving medicine and near drowning. In: Hall JB, Schmidt GA, Wood LDH, eds. Principles of critical care. 3rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2005:1693-1706.

12. Modell JH. Drowning. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:253-256.

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13. Bohn DJ, Biggar WD, Smith CR, et al. Influence of hypothermia, barbiturate therapy, and intracranial pressure monitoring on morbidity and mortality after near-drowning. Crit Care Med. 1986;14:529-533.

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14. Hasibeder WR. Drowning. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2003;16:139-146.

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15. Patetta MJ, Biddinger PW. Characteristics of drowning deaths in North Carolina. Public Health Rep. 1988;103:406-411.

16. Browne ML, Lewis-Michl EL, Stark AD. Unintentional drownings among New York State residents, 1988-1994. Public Health Rep. 2003;118:448-458.

17. Lindholm P, Gennser M. Aggravated hypoxia during breath-holds after exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005;93:701-707.

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18. Tipton M, Eglin C, Gennser M, et al. Immersion death and deterioration in swimming performance in cold water. Lancet. 1999;354:626-629.

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19. Choi G, Kopplin LJ, Tester DJ, et al. Spectrum and frequency of cardiac channel defects in swimming-triggered arrhythmia syndromes. Circulation. 2004;110:2119-2124.

20. Sheth SG, Krauss G, Krumholz A, et al. Mortality in epilepsy: driving fatalities vs other causes of death in patients with epilepsy. Neurology. 2004;63:1002-1007.

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21. Wirrel EC. Epilepsy-related injuries. Epilepsia. 2006;47(suppl 1):79-86.

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22. Wintemute GJ, Kraus JF, Teret SP, et al. Drowning in childhood and adolescence: a population-based study. Am J Public Health. 1987;77:830-832.

23. Quan L, Gore EJ, Wentz L, et al. Ten-year study of pediatric drownings and near-drownings in King County, Washington: lessons in injury prevention. Pediatrics. 1989;83:1035-1040.

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24. Conn AW, Montes JW, Barker GA, et al. Cerebral salvage in near drowning following neurological classification at triage. Can Anaesth Soc J. 1980;27:201-210.

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25. Harries MG. Drowning in man. Crit Care Med. 1981;9:407-408.

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26. Rosenbaum HT, Thompson WL, Fuller RH. Radiographic pulmonary changes in near drowning. Radiology. 1964;83:306-312.

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27. Modell JH, Davis JH, Giammona ST, et al. Blood gas and electrolyte changes in human near-drowning victims. JAMA. 1968;203:337-344.

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29. 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 12.11: Cardiac arrest in special situations: drowning. Circulation. 2010;122:S847-S848.

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30. Winkler BE, Eff AM, Ehrmann U, et al. Effectiveness and safety of in-water resuscitation performed by lifeguards and laypersons: a crossover manikin study. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2013;17:409-415.

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31. Winkler BE, Eff AM, Eff S, et al. Efficacy of ventilation and ventilation adjuncts during in-water-resuscitation - a randomized cross-over trial. Resuscitation. 2013;84:1137-1142.

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32. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1301-1308.

33. Amato M, Barbas C, Medeiros D, et al. Effect of a protective-ventilation strategy on mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:347-354.

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34. Oakes DD, Sherck JP, Maloney JR, et al. Prognosis and management of victims in near-drowning. J Trauma. 1982;22:544-548.

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35. The Resuscitation Council (UK). Resuscitation guidelines. 2015. https://www.resus.org.uk (last accessed 22 August 2017).

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36. Siebke H, Rod T, Breivik H, et al. Survival after 40 minutes: submersion without cerebral sequelae. Lancet. 1975;1:1275-1277.

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37. Van Berkel M, Bierens JJ, Lie RL et al. Pulmonary oedema, pneumonia and mortality in submersion victims; a retrospective study in 125 patients. Intensive Care Med. 1996;22:101-107.