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American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Management of carpal tunnel syndrome evidence-based clinical practice guideline. Feb 2016. http://www.aaos.org (last accessed 28 July 2017).

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Cartwright MS, Hobson-Webb LD, Boon AJ, et al; American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine. Evidence-based guideline: neuromuscular ultrasound for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 2012;46:287-293.

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Practice parameter for electrodiagnostic studies in carpal tunnel syndrome (summary statement). American Academy of Neurology, American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Neurology. 1993;43:2404-2405.

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Page MJ, Massy-Westropp N, O'Connor D, et al. Splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(7):CD010003.

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Peters S, Page MJ, Coppieters MW, et al. Rehabilitation following carpal tunnel release. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(2):CD004158.

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21.  de Krom MC, Kester AD, Knipschild PG, et al. Risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome. Am J Epidemiol. 1990;132:1102-1110.

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35.  Barnes CG, Currey HL. Carpal tunnel syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis. A clinical and electrodiagnostic survey. Ann Rheum Dis. 1967;26:226-233.

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36.  de Rijk MC, Vermeij FH, Suntjens M, et al. Does a carpal tunnel syndrome predict an underlying disease? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78:635-637.

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37.  Singh R, Gamble G, Cundy T. Lifetime risk of symptomatic carpal tunnel syndrome in Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2005;22:625-635.

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38.  Albers JW, Brown MB, Sima AA, et al. Frequency of median mononeuropathy in patients with mild diabetic neuropathy in the early diabetes intervention trial (EDIT). Tolrestat Study Group For Edit (Early Diabetes Intervention Trial). Muscle Nerve. 1996;19:140-146.

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39.  Jackson DL, Hynninen BC, Caborn DN, et al. Electrodiagnostic study of carpal tunnel syndrome in wheelchair basketball players. Clin J Sport Med. 1996;6:27-31.

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41.  Chammas M, Bousquet P, Renard E, et al. Dupuytren's disease, carpal tunnel syndrome, trigger finger, and diabetes mellitus. J Hand Surg Am. 1995;20:109-114.

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42.  Karpitskaya Y, Novak CB, Mackinnon SE. Prevalence of smoking, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and thyroid disease in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Ann Plast Surg. 2002;48:269-273.

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45.  Zamora JL, Rose JE, Rosario V, et al. Hemodialysis-associated carpal tunnel syndrome. A clinical review. Nephron. 1985;41:70-74.

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46.  Ullian ME, Hammond WS, Alfrey AC, et al. Beta-2-microglobulin-associated amyloidosis in chronic hemodialysis patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore). 1989;68:107-115.

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47.  Halter SK, DeLisa JA, Stolov WC, et al. Carpal tunnel syndrome in chronic renal dialysis patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1981;62:197-201.

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48.  Wand JS. Carpal tunnel syndrome in pregnancy and lactation. J Hand Surg [Br]. 1990;15:93-95.

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49.  Ekman-Ordeberg G, Salgeback S, Ordeberg G. Carpal tunnel syndrome in pregnancy. A prospective study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1987;66:233-235.

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50.  Snell NJ, Coysh HL, Snell BJ. Carpal tunnel syndrome presenting in the puerperium. Practitioner. 1980;224:191-193.

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51.  Melvin JL, Burnett CN, Johnson EW. Median nerve conduction in pregnancy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1969;50:75-80.

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52.  Voitk AJ, Mueller JC, Farlinger DE, et al. Carpal tunnel syndrome in pregnancy. Can Med Assoc J. 1983;128:277-281.

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53.  Stolp-Smith KA, Pascoe MK, Ogburn PL. Carpal tunnel syndrome in pregnancy: frequency, severity, and prognosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79:1285-1287.

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54.  Radecki P. The familial occurrence of carpal tunnel syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 1994;17:325-330.

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55.  Hakim AJ, Cherkas L, El Zayat S, et al. The genetic contribution to carpal tunnel syndrome in women: a twin study. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;47:275-279.

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56.  Palmer KT, Harris EC, Coggon D. Carpal tunnel syndrome and its relation to occupation: a systematic literature review. Occup Med (Lond). 2007;57:57-66.

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62.  Mauer UM, Rath SA. Stress-induced carpal tunnel syndrome in athletes - exemplified by 3 kinds of sports. Schweiz Z Sportmed. 1992;40:131-135.

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63.  Boninger ML, Robertson RN, Wolff M, et al. Upper limb nerve entrapments in elite wheelchair racers. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;75:170-176.

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64.  Burnham RS, Steadward RD. Upper extremity peripheral nerve entrapments among wheelchair athletes: prevalence, location, and risk factors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75:519-524.

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65.  American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Management of carpal tunnel syndrome evidence-based clinical practice guideline. Feb 2016. http://www.aaos.org (last accessed 28 July 2017).

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66.  Pryse-Phillips WE. Validation of a diagnostic sign in carpal tunnel syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1984;47:870-872.

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67.  Descatha A, Huard L, Aubert F, et al. Meta-analysis on the performance of sonography for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2012;41:914-922.

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68.  Cartwright MS, Hobson-Webb LD, Boon AJ, et al; American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine. Evidence-based guideline: neuromuscular ultrasound for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 2012;46:287-293.

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69.  Concannon MJ, Gainor B, Petroski GF, et al. The predictive value of electrodiagnostic studies in carpal tunnel syndrome. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;100:1452-1458.

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71.  Jablecki CK, Andary MT, So YT, et al. Literature review of the usefulness of nerve conduction studies and electromyography for the evaluation of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. AAEM Quality Assurance Committee. Muscle Nerve. 1993;16:1392-1414.

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73.  Levine DW, Simmons BP, Koris MJ, et al. A self-administered questionnaire for the assessment of severity of symptoms and functional status in carpal tunnel syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993;75:1585-1592.

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74.  Homan MM, Franzblau A, Werner RA, et al. Agreement between symptom surveys, physical examination procedures and electrodiagnostic findings for the carpal tunnel syndrome. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1999;25:115-124.

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75.  Werner RA, Franzblau A, Gell N, et al. A longitudinal study of industrial and clerical workers: incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome and assessment of risk factors. J Occup Rehabil. 2005;15:47-55.

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77.  Page MJ, Massy-Westropp N, O'Connor D, et al. Splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(7):CD010003.

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81.  Burke DT, Burke MM, Stewart GW, et al. Splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome: in search of the optimal angle. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75:1241-1244.

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82.  Ashworth N. Carpal tunnel syndrome. Am Fam Physician. 2007;75:381-383.

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83.  Walker WC, Metzler M, Cifu DX, et al. Neutral wrist splinting in carpal tunnel syndrome: a comparison of night-only versus full-time wear instructions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81:424-429.

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84.  Atroshi I, Flondell M, Hofer M, et al. Methylprednisolone injections for the carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159:309-317.

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85.  Marshall S, Tardif G, Ashworth N. Local corticosteroid injection for carpal tunnel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(2):CD001554.

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86.  Piazzini DB, Aprile I, Ferrara PE, et al. A systematic review of conservative treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin Rehabil. 2007;21:299-314.

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88.  O'Connor D, Marshall S, Massy-Westropp N. Non-surgical treatment (other than steroid injection) for carpal tunnel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(1):CD003219.

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89.  Page MJ, O'Connor D, Pitt V, et al. Therapeutic ultrasound for carpal tunnel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(3):CD009601.

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90.  Peters S, Page MJ, Coppieters MW, et al. Rehabilitation following carpal tunnel release. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(2):CD004158.

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91.  Mondelli M, Rossi S, Monti E, et al. Long term follow-up of carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy: a cohort study and review of the literature. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2007;47:259-271.

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92.  Fernández-de-Las Peñas C, Ortega-Santiago R, de la Llave-Rincón AI, et al. Manual physical therapy versus surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized parallel-group trial. J Pain. 2015;16:1087-1094.

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93.  Manente G, Torrieri F, Di Blasio F, et al. An innovative hand brace for carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Muscle Nerve. 2001;24:1020-1025.

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94.  Gerritsen AA, de Vet HC, Scholten RJ, et al. Splinting vs surgery in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288:1245-1251.

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95.  Ly-Pen D, Andreu JL, de Blas G, et al. Surgical decompression versus local steroid injection in carpal tunnel syndrome: a one-year, prospective, randomized, open, controlled clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:612-619.

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96.  Verdugo RJ, Salinas RA, Castillo JL, Cea JG. Surgical versus non-surgical treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4):CD001552.

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97.  Scholten RJ, Mink van der Molen A, Uitdehaag BM, et al. Surgical treatment options for carpal tunnel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD003905.

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98.  Thoma A, Veltri K, Haines T, et al. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing endoscopic and open carpal tunnel decompression. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114:1137-1146.

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99.  Vasiliadis HS, Georgoulas P, Shrier I, et al. Endoscopic release for carpal tunnel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(1):CD008265.

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100.  Dick FD, Graveling RA, Munro W, et al. Workplace management of upper limb disorders: a systematic review. Occup Med (Lond). 2011;61:19-25.

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101.  O'Connor D, Page MJ, Marshall SC, et al. Ergonomic positioning or equipment for treating carpal tunnel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(1):CD009600.

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