绝经期

Barnabei VM, Cochrane BB, Aragaki AK, et al. Menopausal symptoms and treatment-related effects of estrogen and progestin in the Women's Health Initiative. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:1063-1073.

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Avis NE, Crawford SL, Greendale G, et al. Duration of menopausal vasomotor symptoms over the menopause transition. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:531-539.

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Marjoribanks J, Farquhar C, Roberts H, et al. Long-term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jan 17;(1):CD004143.

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Lobo RA. Hormone-replacement therapy: current thinking. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017 Apr;13(4):220-31.

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Manson JE, Aragaki AK, Rossouw JE, et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and long-term all-cause and cause-specific mortality: the women's health initiative randomized trials. JAMA. 2017 Sep 12;318(10):927-38.

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1.  National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Menopause: diagnosis and management. November 2015. https://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 14 August 2017).

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2.  Grady D. Clinical practice. Management of menopausal symptoms. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2338-2347.

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3.  Barnabei VM, Cochrane BB, Aragaki AK, et al. Menopausal symptoms and treatment-related effects of estrogen and progestin in the Women's Health Initiative. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:1063-1073.

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4.  Avis NE, Crawford SL, Greendale G, et al. Duration of menopausal vasomotor symptoms over the menopause transition. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:531-539.

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5.  Dennerstein L, Dudley EC, Hopper JL, et al. A prospective population-based study of menopausal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96:351-358.

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6.  Bachmann GA, Nevadunsky NS. Diagnosis and treatment of atrophic vaginitis. Am Fam Physician. 2000 May 15;61(10):3090-6.

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7.  Tao XY, Zuo AZ, Wang JQ, et al. Effect of primary ovarian insufficiency and early natural menopause on mortality: a meta-analysis. Climacteric. 2016;19(1):27-36.

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8.  Cífková R, Krajčoviechová A. Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease in women. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2015 Jul;17(7):609.

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9.  Palacios S, Henderson VW, Siseles N, et al. Age of menopause and impact of climacteric symptoms by geographical region. Climacteric. 2010;13:419-428.

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10.  Cox L, Liu JH. Primary ovarian insufficiency: an update. Int J Womens Health. 2014;6:235-243.

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11.  Kinney A, Kline J, Levin B. Alcohol, caffeine and smoking in relation to age at menopause. Maturitas. 2006;54:27-38.

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12.  Garcia C, Wendt J, Lyon L, et al. Risk management options elected by women after testing positive for a BRCA mutation. Gynecol Oncol. 2014;132:428-433.

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13.  US Preventive Services Task Force. Hormone Therapy for the Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions in Postmenopausal Women: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2017 Dec 12;318(22):2224-33.

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14.  The 2017 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2017 Jul;24(7):728-53.

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15.  Marjoribanks J, Farquhar C, Roberts H, et al. Long-term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jan 17;(1):CD004143.

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16.  American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG committee opinion no. 565: hormone therapy and heart disease. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jun;121(6):1407-10.

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17.  Lobo RA, Pickar JH, Stevenson JC, et al. Back to the future: hormone replacement therapy as part of a prevention strategy for women at the onset of menopause. Atherosclerosis. 2016 Nov;254:282-90.

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18.  Lobo RA. Hormone-replacement therapy: current thinking. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017 Apr;13(4):220-31.

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19.  National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Familial breast cancer: classification, care and managing breast cancer and related risks in people with a family history of breast cancer. March 2017 [internet publication].

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20.  Taylor SM, Kinney AM, Kline JK. Menopausal transition: predicting time to menopause for women 44 years or older from simple questions on menstrual variability. Menopause. 2004;11:40-48.

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21.  Shifren JL, Gass ML. The North American Menopause Society recommendations for clinical care of midlife women. Menopause. 2014;21:1038-1062.

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22.  Rödström K, Bengtsson C, Lissner L, et al. A longitudinal study of the treatment of hot flushes: the population study of women in Gothenburg during a quarter of a century. Menopause. 2002;9:156-161.

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23.  North American Menopause Society. Management of symptomatic vulvovaginal atrophy: 2013 position statement of the North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2013;20:888-902;quiz 903-904.

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24.  Duckitt K. Managing perimenopausal menorrhagia. Maturitas. 2010;66:251-256.

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25.  Goodman NF, Cobin RH, Ginzburg SB, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the diagnosis and treatment of menopause. Endocr Pract. 2011;17:949-954.

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26.  Cramer H, Lauche R, Langhorst J, et al. Effectiveness of yoga for menopausal symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:863905.

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27.  American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin no. 141: management of menopausal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Jan;123(1):202-16.

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28.  Hamoda H, Panay N, Arya R, et al. The British Menopause Society & Women’s Health Concern 2016 recommendations on hormone replacement therapy in menopausal women. Post Reprod Health. 2016;22(4):165-83.

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29.  Stuenkel CA, Davis SR, Gompel A, et al. Treatment of symptoms of the menopause: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Nov;100(11):3975-4011.

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30.  Cobin RH, Goodman NF; AACE Reproductive Endocrinology Scientific Committee. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology position statement on menopause - 2017 update. Endocr Pract. 2017 Jul;23(7):869-80.

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31.  Archer DF, Pickar JH, MacAllister DC, et al. Transdermal estradiol gel for the treatment of symptomatic postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2012 Jun;19(6):622-9.

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32.  Kovács G, Zelei T, Vokó Z. Comparison of efficacy and local tolerability of estradiol metered-dose transdermal spray to estradiol patch in a network meta-analysis. Climacteric. 2016 Oct;19(5):488-95.

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33.  Tella SH, Gallagher JC. Bazedoxifene + conjugated estrogens in HT for the prevention of osteoporosis and treatment of vasomotor symptoms associated with the menopause. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2013 Dec;14(17):2407-20.

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34.  Valera MC, Gourdy P, Trémollières F, et al. From the Women's Health Initiative to the combination of estrogen and selective estrogen receptor modulators to avoid progestin addition. Maturitas. 2015 Nov;82(3):274-7.

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35.  Gaudard AM, Silva de Souza S, Puga ME, et al. Bioidentical hormones for women with vasomotor symptoms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Aug 1;(8):CD010407.

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36.  American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG committee opinion no. 532: compounded bioidentical menopausal hormone therapy. Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Aug;120(2 Pt 1):411-5.

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37.  Whelan AM, Jurgens TM, Trinacty M. Bioidentical progesterone cream for menopause-related vasomotor symptoms: is it effective? Ann Pharmacother. 2013 Jan;47(1):112-6.

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38.  Manson JE, Aragaki AK, Rossouw JE, et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and long-term all-cause and cause-specific mortality: the women's health initiative randomized trials. JAMA. 2017 Sep 12;318(10):927-38.

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39.  de Villiers TJ, Gass ML, Haines CJ, et al. Global consensus statement on menopausal hormone therapy. Climacteric. 2013 Apr;16(2):203-4.

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40.  de Villiers TJ, Hall JE, Pinkerton JV, et al. Revised global consensus statement on menopausal hormone therapy. Climacteric. 2016 Aug;19(4):313-5.

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41.  Beral V, Gaitskell K, Hermon C, et al.; Collaborative Group On Epidemiological Studies Of Ovarian Cancer. Menopausal hormone use and ovarian cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis of 52 epidemiological studies. Lancet. 2015 May 9;385(9980):1835-42.

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42.  Nelson HD, Vesco KK, Haney E, et al. Nonhormonal therapies for menopausal hot flashes: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2006 May 3;295(17):2057-71.

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43.  Freeman EW, Guthrie KA, Caan B, et al. Efficacy of escitalopram for hot flashes in healthy menopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2011 Jan 19;305(3):267-74.

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44.  American Academy of Family Physicians. ACOG releases clinical guidelines on management of menopausal symptoms. Am Fam Physician. 2014;90:338-40.

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45.  Shams T, Firwana B, Habib F, et al. SSRIs for hot flashes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Gen Intern Med. 2014 Jan;29(1):204-13.

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46.  Orleans RJ, Li L, Kim MJ, et al. FDA approval of paroxetine for menopausal hot flushes. N Engl J Med. 2014 May 8;370(19):1777-9.

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47.  Joffe H, Guthrie KA, LaCroix AZ, et al. Low-dose estradiol and the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor venlafaxine for vasomotor symptoms: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2014 Jul;174(7):1058-66.

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48.  Pinkerton JV, Archer DF, Guico-Pabia CJ, et al. Maintenance of the efficacy of desvenlafaxine in menopausal vasomotor symptoms: a 1-year randomized controlled trial. Menopause. 2013 Jan;20(1):38-46.

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49.  Archer DF, Pinkerton JV, Guico-Pabia CJ, et al. Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and hepatic safety of desvenlafaxine for 1 year in women with vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause. Menopause. 2013 Jan;20(1):47-56.

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50.  Hayes LP, Carroll DG, Kelley KW. Use of gabapentin for the management of natural or surgical menopausal hot flashes. Ann Pharmacother. 2011 Mar;45(3):388-94.

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51.  Goldberg RM, Loprinzi CL, O'Fallon JR, et al. Transdermal clonidine for ameliorating tamoxifen-induced hot flashes. J Clin Oncol. 1994 Jan;12(1):155-8.

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52.  Rahn DD, Carberry C, Sanses TV, et al.; Society of Gynecologic Surgeons Systematic Review Group. Vaginal estrogen for genitourinary syndrome of menopause: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Dec;124(6):1147-56.

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53.  Crandall CJ, Hovey KM, Andrews CA, et al. Breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and cardiovascular events in participants who used vaginal estrogen in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Menopause. 2018 Jan;25(1):11-20.

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54.  Lethaby A, Ayeleke RO, Roberts H. Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Aug 31;(8):CD001500.

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55.  Portman DJ, Bachmann GA, Simon JA. Ospemifene, a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator for treating dyspareunia associated with postmenopausal vulvar and vaginal atrophy. Menopause. 2013 Jun;20(6):623-30.

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56.  Palacios S, Cancelo MJ. Clinical update on the use of ospemifene in the treatment of severe symptomatic vulvar and vaginal atrophy. Int J Womens Health. 2016 Oct 26;8:617-26.

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57.  Santen RJ, Stuenkel CA, Davis SR, et al. Managing menopausal symptoms and associated clinical issues in breast cancer survivors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Oct 1;102(10):3647-61.

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58.  Del Carmen MG, Rice LW. Management of menopausal symptoms in women with gynecologic cancers. Gynecol Oncol. 2017 Aug;146(2):427-35.

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59.  O'Donnell RL, Clement KM, Edmondson RJ. Hormone replacement therapy after treatment for a gynaecological malignancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2016 Feb;28(1):32-41.

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60.  Del Carmen MG, Rice LW. Management of menopausal symptoms in women with gynecologic cancers. Gynecol Oncol. 2017 Aug;146(2):427-35.

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61.  Goetsch MF, Lim JY, Caughey AB. Locating pain in breast cancer survivors experiencing dyspareunia: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Jun;123(6):1231-6.

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62.  Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Managing menopause. September 2014 [internet publication].

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63.  Wierman ME, Arlt W, Basson R, et al. Androgen therapy in women: a reappraisal: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Oct;99(10):3489-510.

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64.  Capobianco G, Donolo E, Borghero G, et al. Effects of intravaginal estriol and pelvic floor rehabilitation on urogenital aging in postmenopausal women. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012 Feb;285(2):397-403.

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65.  Freedman RR. Pathophysiology and treatment of menopausal hot flashes. Semin Reprod Med. 2005 May;23(2):117-25.

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66.  Spark MJ, Willis J. Systematic review of progesterone use by midlife and menopausal women. Maturitas. 2012 Jul;72(3):192-202.

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67.  Gordon JL, Girdler SS. Hormone replacement therapy in the treatment of perimenopausal depression. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2014 Dec;16(12):517.

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68.  Veerus P, Hovi SL, Sevón T, et al. The effect of hormone therapy on women's quality of life in the first year of the Estonian Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy trial. BMC Res Notes. 2012 Apr 3;5:176.

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69.  Mann E, Smith MJ, Hellier J, et al. Cognitive behavioural treatment for women who have menopausal symptoms after breast cancer treatment (MENOS 1): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012 Mar;13(3):309-18.

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70.  Maki PM, Kornstein SG, Joffe H, Bromberger JT, Freeman EW, Athappilly G, Bobo WV, Rubin LH, Koleva HK, Cohen LS, Soares CN; Board of Trustees for The North American Menopause Society (NAMS) and the Women and Mood Disorders Task Force of the National Network of Depression Centers. Guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of perimenopausal depression: summary and recommendations. Menopause. 2018 Oct;25(10):1069-1085.

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71.  Cohen LS, Soares CN, Joffe H. Diagnosis and management of mood disorders during the menopausal transition. Am J Med. 2005 Dec 19;118(suppl 12B):93-7.

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72.  Lethaby A, Marjoribanks J, Kronenberg F, et al. Phytoestrogens for menopausal vasomotor symptoms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Dec 10;(12):CD001395.

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73.  Sacks FM, Lichtenstein A, Van Horn L, et al; American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Soy protein, isoflavones, and cardiovascular health: an American Heart Association Science Advisory for professionals from the Nutrition Committee. Circulation. 2006 Feb 21;113(7):1034-44.

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74.  Arunkalaivanan A, Kaur H, Onuma O. Laser therapy as a treatment modality for genitourinary syndrome of menopause: a critical appraisal of evidence. Int Urogynecol J. 2017 May;28(5):681-85.

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75.  Pitsouni E, Grigoriadis T, Falagas ME, et al. Laser therapy for the genitourinary syndrome of menopause. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas. 2017 Sep;103:78-88.

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76.  Labrie F, Archer DF, Koltun W, et al. Efficacy of intravaginal dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on moderate to severe dyspareunia and vaginal dryness, symptoms of vulvovaginal atrophy, and of the genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Menopause. 2016 Mar;23(3):243-56.

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77.  Scheffers CS, Armstrong S, Cantineau AE, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone for women in the peri- or postmenopausal phase. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(1):CD011066.

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78.  Kontos M, Agbaje OF, Rymer J, et al. What can be done about hot flushes after treatment for breast cancer? Climacteric. 2010 Feb;13(1):4-21.

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79.  Walega DR, Rubin LH, Banuvar S, et al. Effects of stellate ganglion block on vasomotor symptoms: findings from a randomized controlled clinical trial in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2014 Aug;21(8):807-14.

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80.  Formoso G, Perrone E, Maltoni S, et al. Short-term and long-term effects of tibolone in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Oct 12;(10):CD008536.

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81.  Cummings SR, Ettinger B, Delmas PD, et al. The effects of tibolone in older postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 2008 Aug 14;359(7):697-708.

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