美国预防服务工作组 (US Preventive Services Task Force, USPSTF) 建议不要将激素治疗 (HT) 作为绝经后女性慢性疾病的一级预防措施,因为此做法的总体风险超过了获益。[13]US Preventive Services Task Force. Hormone Therapy for the Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions in Postmenopausal Women: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2017 Dec 12;318(22):2224-33.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2665782http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29234814?tool=bestpractice.com 潜在的一级预防终点包括一定程度地降低骨折风险,[1]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Menopause: diagnosis and management. November 2015. https://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 14 August 2017).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng23/[14]The 2017 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2017 Jul;24(7):728-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28650869?tool=bestpractice.com 并且罹患糖尿病或抑郁症的风险呈现小幅度降低。然而这些获益均被静脉血栓栓塞的风险增加,和心血管疾病的轻中度风险增加所抵消。[14]The 2017 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2017 Jul;24(7):728-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28650869?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marjoribanks J, Farquhar C, Roberts H, et al. Long-term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jan 17;(1):CD004143.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004143.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28093732?tool=bestpractice.com[16]American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG committee opinion no. 565: hormone therapy and heart disease. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jun;121(6):1407-10.http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Gynecologic-Practice/Hormone-Therapy-and-Heart-Diseasehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23812486?tool=bestpractice.com 在一级预防临床试验中,单独的雌激素治疗可降低患浸润性乳腺癌的风险,但在雌激素联合孕激素的治疗组中,此风险升高。特别是,目前不推荐将激素疗法 (HT) 用于心血管疾病的一级预防。[14]The 2017 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2017 Jul;24(7):728-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28650869?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marjoribanks J, Farquhar C, Roberts H, et al. Long-term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jan 17;(1):CD004143.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004143.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28093732?tool=bestpractice.com[16]American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG committee opinion no. 565: hormone therapy and heart disease. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jun;121(6):1407-10.http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Gynecologic-Practice/Hormone-Therapy-and-Heart-Diseasehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23812486?tool=bestpractice.com此外,还需要进一步的研究来评估 HT 开始的时间对冠心病风险和死亡率的影响。
一级预防必须与绝经开始时的症状治疗分开进行。对于症状明显的患者,治疗的获益可能大于风险。使用 HT 对无症状女性的年龄相关性疾病(通常为心血管疾病)进行一级预防目前处于研究阶段。[17]Lobo RA, Pickar JH, Stevenson JC, et al. Back to the future: hormone replacement therapy as part of a prevention strategy for women at the onset of menopause. Atherosclerosis. 2016 Nov;254:282-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27745704?tool=bestpractice.com 按年龄划分的风险分层表明,对于 60 岁以下的女性,使用雌激素替代疗法作为年龄相关性疾病的一级预防措施可能会使她们获得益处大于风险(有净利益),但此情况并未普遍反映在目前的指南和建议中。[18]Lobo RA. Hormone-replacement therapy: current thinking. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017 Apr;13(4):220-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27716751?tool=bestpractice.com
随着人们对雌激素水平的下降对心血管和骨骼健康的影响有了更多的认识,医生应该向女性提供饮食和生活方式因素的建议,以帮助减少更年期早期症状和改善以后的健康状况。这些因素包括保持健康的体重、戒烟、摄入充足的钙和维生素 D、增加运动量以及减少酒精和咖啡因的摄入量。
在没有禁忌症的情况下,HT 是一种有效的治疗干预措施,可防止 60 岁以下及绝经后 10 年内的女性出现骨质疏松。[14]The 2017 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2017 Jul;24(7):728-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28650869?tool=bestpractice.com 在治疗期间,获益持续存在,一旦停止治疗获益便会减少。[1]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Menopause: diagnosis and management. November 2015. https://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 14 August 2017).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng23/ 停止治疗时,接受 HT 治疗较长时间的女性获得的疗效持续时间更长。[1]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Menopause: diagnosis and management. November 2015. https://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 14 August 2017).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng23/
多项指南建议,对自然更年期前接受减少风险的双侧附件切除术的女性进行全身性 HT 治疗。[14]The 2017 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2017 Jul;24(7):728-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28650869?tool=bestpractice.com[19]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Familial breast cancer: classification, care and managing breast cancer and related risks in people with a family history of breast cancer. March 2017 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg164 如果保留子宫,则需要进行孕激素治疗。HT 可能会持续到预期出现自然更年期的时间;停止 HT 时所出现的更年期症状与自然更年期症状的处理方式相同。[19]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Familial breast cancer: classification, care and managing breast cancer and related risks in people with a family history of breast cancer. March 2017 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg164