RSV 是儿童早期最重要的病原体之一,也是世界范围内婴儿期毛细支气管炎和肺炎最常见的病因。[1]Shay DK, Holman RC, Newman RD, et al. Bronchiolitis-associated hospitalizations among US children, 1980-1996. JAMA. 1999 Oct 20;282(15):1440-6.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=192009http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10535434?tool=bestpractice.com 一份针对 98 项研究的 meta 分析指出,过去 20 年来因 RSV 而住院的情况未出现显著改变。[4]Bont L, Checchia PA, Fauroux B, et al. Defining the epidemiology and burden of severe respiratory syncytial virus infection among infants and children in western countries. Infect Dis Ther. 2016 Sep;5(3):271-98.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019979/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27480325?tool=bestpractice.com
RSV 会导致显著的发病率和死亡率,尤其是对于高风险婴儿以及早产儿或有慢性肺病、复杂型先天性心脏病或免疫功能受损的婴儿。[5]Venkatesh MP, Weisman LE. Prevention and treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants: an update. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2006 Apr;5(2):261-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16608425?tool=bestpractice.com 男性、年龄<6 个月、RSV 季节前半部分时间出生、家庭拥挤/兄弟姐妹众多以及托儿所暴露都与因 RSV 住院的风险增高有关。[4]Bont L, Checchia PA, Fauroux B, et al. Defining the epidemiology and burden of severe respiratory syncytial virus infection among infants and children in western countries. Infect Dis Ther. 2016 Sep;5(3):271-98.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019979/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27480325?tool=bestpractice.com
苏格兰 2001 至 2003 年期间,每年平均有 1976 名儿童因细支气管炎住院。[6]ISD Scotland. Number of hospital discharges with bronchiolitis in children 0-24 months in Scotland for the years ending December 2001-2003 [statistical data]. Edinburgh: ISD Scotland; 2006. 美国因急性呼吸道感染而前往急诊科就诊的 5 岁以下儿童中,18% 是因为感染源自本病毒,在急性呼吸道感染住院的 5 岁以下儿童中,有 20% 是因为感染本病毒。[7]Hall CB, Weinberg GA, Iwane MK, et al. The burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children. N Engl J Med. 2009 Feb 5;360(6):588-98.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0804877#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19196675?tool=bestpractice.com 在 2015 年中国急性呼吸道感染患者中,RSV 占 18.7%(95% CI 为 17.1%至 20.5%)。[8]Zhang Y, Yuan L, Zhang Y, et al. Burden of respiratory syncytial virus infections in China: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health. 2015 Dec;5(2):020417.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4676581/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26682049?tool=bestpractice.com 同年,据估计,全球由 RSV 导致急性下呼吸道感染发作的例数为 3310 万例(不确定性范围 [UR] 21.6-50.3),致使约 320 万名例 (UR 2.7-3.8) 患者入院,5 岁以下儿童的住院死亡人数为 59,600 (UR 48,000-74,500)。在 6 月龄以下的婴儿中,140 万名 (UR 1.2-1.7)患儿入院和 27,300 (UR 20,700-36,200) 例院内死亡是由 RSV 急性下呼吸道感染导致的。[9]Shi T, McAllister DA, O'Brien KL, et al; RSV Global Epidemiology Network. Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: a systematic review and modelling study. Lancet. 2017 Sep 2;390(10098):946-58.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5592248/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28689664?tool=bestpractice.com
全球在冬季可出现季节性暴发。在美国及整个北半球,疾病流行一般始于每年的 11 月份,并在 1 月份或 2 月份达到高峰。然后在接下来的 2 个月期间病例减少,全年其余时间出现零星病例。也存在地区差异,但较难预测。[10]Gilchrist S, Torok TJ, Gary HE Jr, et al. National surveillance for respiratory syncytial virus, United States, 1985-1990. J Infect Dis. 1994 Oct;170(4):986-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7930745?tool=bestpractice.com 在南半球,季节性暴发出现在 5 月份至 9 月份。热带地区经常出现与雨季相关的更长时间传播。到 2 岁时,几乎所有儿童都感染过 RSV,其中一半感染过两次。不会产生长期免疫力且经常发生再感染,但严重程度一般会降低。
越来越多的人认识到成人和老年人RSV感染的疾病负担。[11]Alimi Y, Lim WS, Lansbury L, et al. Systematic review of respiratory viral pathogens identified in adults with community-acquired pneumonia in Europe. J Clin Virol. 2017 Oct;95:26-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28837859?tool=bestpractice.com 据估计,在美国因 RSV 入院的高危成人或 65 岁以上人群的数量是 5 岁以下儿童的 3 倍。[12]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Respiratory syncytial virus infection (RSV): trends and surveillance. Jun 2018 [internet publication].https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/research/us-surveillance.html#f2 越来越多的文献报道了这种和其他病毒疾病对长期护理机构、成人日托中心和养老院的影响。[13]Falsey AR, Hennessey PA, Formica MA, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in elderly and high-risk adults. N Engl J Med. 2005 Apr 28;352(17):1749-59.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa043951http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15858184?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Sundaram ME, Meece JK, Sifakis F, et al. Medically attended respiratory syncytial virus infections in adults aged ≥50 years: clinical characteristics and outcomes. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Feb;58(3):342-9.https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/58/3/342/340508http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24265361?tool=bestpractice.com 在许多诊疗成人的内科医师中,很少将 RSV 作为呼吸道疾病的一个原因加以考虑,这通常导致抗生素的过度使用。[15]Shiley KT, Lautenbach E, Lee I. The use of antimicrobial agents after diagnosis of viral respiratory tract infections in hospitalized adults: antibiotics or anxiolytics? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010 Nov;31(11):1177-83.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3219040/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20923284?tool=bestpractice.com