病毒通过接触呼吸道飞沫传播,接种至结膜或鼻咽黏膜。[17]Hall CB, Douglas RG Jr, Geiman JM. Quantitative shedding patterns of respiratory syncytial virus in infants. J Infect Dis. 1975 Aug;132(2):151-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/808581?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Hall CB, Douglas RG Jr. Modes of transmission of respiratory syncytial virus. J Pediatr. 1981 Jul;99(1):100-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7252646?tool=bestpractice.com RSV 可在坚硬表面保持活力长达 6 小时。[19]Hall CB, Douglas RG Jr, Geiman JM. Possible transmission by fomites of respiratory syncytial virus. J Infect Dis. 1980 Jan;141(1):98-102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7365274?tool=bestpractice.com 潜伏期一般为 3 至 5 日。免疫功能正常患者平均排毒时间为 8 日,最多可持续 4 周。[17]Hall CB, Douglas RG Jr, Geiman JM. Quantitative shedding patterns of respiratory syncytial virus in infants. J Infect Dis. 1975 Aug;132(2):151-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/808581?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Hall CB, Douglas RG Jr, Geiman JM. Respiratory syncytial virus infections in infants: quantitation and duration of shedding. J Pediatr. 1976 Jul;89(1):11-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/180274?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Committee on Infectious Diseases; American Academy of Pediatrics. Red book. 30th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: AAP; 2015:667-76.http://redbook.solutions.aap.org/chapter.aspx?sectionid=56798348&bookid=886 免疫功能受损的患者排毒时间可长达 4 至 6 周。
病毒复制始于鼻上皮,随后向下蔓延至细支气管上皮及Ⅰ型和Ⅱ 型肺泡细胞。[22]Hoffman SJ, Laham FR, Polack FP. Mechanisms of illness during respiratory syncytial virus infection: the lungs, the virus and the immune response. Microbes Infect. 2004 Jul;6(8):767-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15207824?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Johnson JE, Gonzales RA, Olson SJ, et al. The histopathology of fatal untreated human respiratory syncytial virus infection. Mod Pathol. 2007 Jan;20(1):108-19.http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v20/n1/full/3800725a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17143259?tool=bestpractice.com 病毒感染一般仅限于呼吸道,关于肺外疾病很少报道。[24]Eisenhut M. Extrapulmonary manifestations of severe respiratory syncytial virus infection--a systematic review. Crit Care. 2006;10(4):R107.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1751022/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16859512?tool=bestpractice.com 病毒复制导致细支气管上皮坏死,随后出现细支气管周围 T 淋巴细胞浸润和粘膜下水肿。[25]Aherne W, Bird T, Court SD, et al. Pathological changes in virus infections of the lower respiratory tract in children. J Clin Pathol. 1970 Feb;23(1):7-18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC474401/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4909103?tool=bestpractice.com 调查发现,可能存在对严重 RSV 疾病的遗传易感性,涉及 IL4、TLR4 和 CD14 基因的 F 突变。[26]Patarčić I, Gelemanović A, Kirin M, et al. The role of host genetic factors in respiratory tract infectious diseases: systematic review, meta-analyses and field synopsis. Sci Rep. 2015 Nov 3;5:16119.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4630784/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26524966?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Zhou J, Zhang X, Liu S, et al. Genetic association of TLR4 Asp299Gly, TLR4 Thr399Ile, and CD14 C-159T polymorphisms with the risk of severe RSV infection: a meta-analysis. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2016 May;10(3):224-33.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4814857/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26901241?tool=bestpractice.com 黏性黏液分泌物(主要是中性粒细胞炎症)增加并与细胞碎片混合。[28]Russell CD, Unger SA, Walton M, et al. The human immune response to respiratory syncytial virus infection. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017 Apr;30(2):481-502.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5355638/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28179378?tool=bestpractice.com 纤毛上皮的缺失让这些分泌物难以清除。最终结果是稠密的黏液阻塞狭窄的气道,造成喘息、咳嗽、气体潴留和通气/血流灌注 (V/Q) 比值失调。
呼吸道病毒共感染经常被报道,发病率高达 60%。最常见的是人鼻病毒和人博卡病毒共感染。关于 RSV 共感染对疾病严重程度的影响存在争议。综述表明,RSV 共感染作为一个整体,与疾病严重程度的增加无关,但尚不清楚特定的共感染对疾病严重程度的影响。[4]Bont L, Checchia PA, Fauroux B, et al. Defining the epidemiology and burden of severe respiratory syncytial virus infection among infants and children in western countries. Infect Dis Ther. 2016 Sep;5(3):271-98.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019979/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27480325?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Lim FJ, de Klerk N, Blyth CC, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of respiratory viral coinfections in children. Respirology. 2016 May;21(4):648-55.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/resp.12741/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26919484?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Skjerven HO, Megremis S, Papadopoulos NG, et al; ORAACLE Study Group. Virus type and genomic load in acute bronchiolitis: severity and treatment response with inhaled adrenaline. J Infect Dis. 2016 Mar 15;213(6):915-21.https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/213/6/915/2459261http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26508124?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Wu SH, Chen XQ, Kong X, et al. Characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus-induced bronchiolitis co-infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae and add-on therapy with montelukast. World J Pediatr. 2016 Feb;12(1):88-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25846070?tool=bestpractice.com