原发性震颤

Rajput AH, Offord KP, Beard CM, et al. Essential tremor in Rochester, Minnesota: a 45-year study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1984;47:466-470.

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Louis ED. Etiology of essential tremor: should we be searching for environmental causes? Mov Disord. 2001;16:822-829.

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Benito-Leon J, Louis ED. Clinical update: diagnosis and treatment of essential tremor. Lancet. 2007;369:1152-1154.

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Zesiewicz TA, Elble RJ, Louis ED, et al. Evidence-based guideline update: treatment of essential tremor: report of the Quality Standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2011;77:1752-1755.

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Zesiewicz TA, Kuo S. Essential tremor. BMJ Clin Evid. 2015;2015:1206.

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Sydow O, Thobois S, Alesch F, et al. Multicentre European study of thalamic stimulation in essential tremor: a six year follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74:1387-1391.

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Elias WJ, Lipsman N, Ondo WG, et al. A randomized trial of focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:730-739.

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1.  Brennan KC, Jurewicz EC, Ford B, et al. Is essential tremor predominantly a kinetic or a postural tremor? A clinical and electrophysiological study. Mov Disord. 2002;17:313-316.

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2.  Elble RJ. Essential tremor frequency decreases with time. Neurology. 2000;55:1547-1551.

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3.  Zeuner KE, Deuschl G. An update on tremors. Curr Opin Neurol. 2012;25:475-482.

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4.  Deuschl G, Bain P, Brin M; Ad Hoc Scientific Committee. Consensus statement of the Movement Disorder Society on tremor. Mov Disord. 1998;13(suppl 3):2-23.

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5.  Louis ED. Clinical practice. Essential tremor. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:887-891.

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6.  Rydz D, Lin CY, Xie T, et al. Pathological findings of anti-Yo cerebellar degeneration with Holmes tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86:121-122.

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7.  Gasparini M, Bonifati V, Fabrizio E, et al. Frontal lobe dysfunction in essential tremor: a preliminary study. J Neurol. 2001;248:399-402.

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8.  Lacritz LH, Dewey R, Jr., Giller C, et al. Cognitive functioning in individuals with "benign" essential tremor. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2002;8:125-129.

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9.  Lombardi WJ, Woolston DJ, Roberts JW, et al. Cognitive deficits in patients with essential tremor. Neurology. 2001;57:785-790.

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10.  Chatterjee A, Jurewicz EC, Applegate LM, et al. Personality in essential tremor: further evidence of non-motor manifestations of the disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75:958-961.

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11.  Cohen O, Pullman S, Jurewicz E, et al. Rest tremor in patients with essential tremor: prevalence, clinical correlates, and electrophysiologic characteristics. Arch Neurol. 2003;60:405-410.

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12.  Louis ED. Essential tremor. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4:100-110.

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13.  Louis ED, Ferreira JJ. How common is the most common adult movement disorder? Update on the worldwide prevalence of essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2010;25:534-541.

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14.  Louis ED, Ottman R, Hauser WA. How common is the most common adult movement disorder? Estimates of the prevalence of essential tremor throughout the world. Mov Disord. 1998;13:5-10.

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15.  Haerer AF, Anderson DW, Schoenberg BS. Prevalence of essential tremor. Results from the Copiah County study. Arch Neurol. 1982;39:750-751.

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16.  Louis ED, Fried LP, Fitzpatrick AL, et al. Regional and racial differences in the prevalence of physician-diagnosed essential tremor in the United States. Mov Disord. 2003;18:1035-1040.

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17.  Louis ED, Marder K, Cote L, et al. Differences in the prevalence of essential tremor among elderly African Americans, whites, and Hispanics in northern Manhattan, NY. Arch Neurol. 1995;52:1201-1205.

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18.  Rajput AH, Offord KP, Beard CM, et al. Essential tremor in Rochester, Minnesota: a 45-year study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1984;47:466-470.

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19.  Benito-Leon J, Bermejo-Pareja F, Morales JM, et al. Prevalence of essential tremor in three elderly populations of central Spain. Mov Disord. 2003;18:389-394.

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20.  Teravainen H, Larsen A, Fogelholm R. Comparison between the effects of pindolol and propranolol on essential tremor. Neurology. 1977;27:439-442.

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21.  Bain PG, Findley LJ, Thompson PD, et al. A study of hereditary essential tremor. Brain. 1994;117(Pt 4):805-824.

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22.  Findley LJ. Epidemiology and genetics of essential tremor. Neurology. 2000;54(11 Suppl 4):S8-S13.

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23.  Louis ED, Ottman R. How familial is familial tremor? The genetic epidemiology of essential tremor. Neurology. 1996;46:1200-1205.

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24.  Stefansson H, Steinberg S, Petursson H, et al. Variant in the sequence of the LINGO1 gene confers risk of essential tremor. Nat Genet. 2009;41:277-279.

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25.  Thier S, Lorenz D, Nothnagel M, et al. Polymorphisms in the glial glutamate transporter SLC1A2 are associated with essential tremor. Neurology. 2012;79:243-248.

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26.  Louis ED, Ford B, Frucht S, et al. Risk of tremor and impairment from tremor in relatives of patients with essential tremor: a community-based family study. Ann Neurol. 2001;49:761-769.

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27.  Louis ED. Etiology of essential tremor: should we be searching for environmental causes? Mov Disord. 2001;16:822-829.

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28.  Dupuis MJ, Delwaide PJ, Boucquey D, et al. Homolateral disappearance of essential tremor after cerebellar stroke. Mov Disord. 1989;4:183-187.

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29.  Boecker H, Wills AJ, Ceballos-Baumann A, et al. The effect of ethanol on alcohol-responsive essential tremor: a positron emission tomography study. Ann Neurol. 1996;39:650-658.

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30.  Dubinski R, Hallett M. Glucose hypermetabolism of the inferior olive in patients with essential tremor. Ann Neurol. 1987;22:118.

31.  Jenkins IH, Bain PG, Colebatch JG, et al. A positron emission tomography study of essential tremor: evidence for overactivity of cerebellar connections. Ann Neurol. 1993;34:82-90.

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32.  Gallea C, Popa T, García-Lorenzo D, et al. Intrinsic signature of essential tremor in the cerebello-frontal network. Brain. 2015;138:2920-2933.

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33.  Buijink AW, van der Stouwe AM, Broersma M, et al. Motor network disruption in essential tremor: a functional and effective connectivity study. Brain. 2015;138:2934-2947.

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34.  Boelmans K, Kaufmann J, Bodammer N, et al. Involvement of motor pathways in corticobasal syndrome detected by diffusion tensor tractography. Mov Disord. 2009;24:168-175.

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35.  Elble RJ. Origins of tremor. Lancet. 2000;355:1113-1114.

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36.  Martin FC, Thu Le A, Handforth A. Harmaline-induced tremor as a potential preclinical screening method for essential tremor medications. Mov Disord. 2005;20:298-305.

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37.  O'Hearn E, Molliver ME. Degeneration of Purkinje cells in parasagittal zones of the cerebellar vermis after treatment with ibogaine or harmaline. Neuroscience. 1993;55:303-310.

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38.  Cheng MM, Tang G, Kuo SH. Harmaline-induced tremor in mice: videotape documentation and open questions about the model. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2013;3:tre-03-205-4668-1.

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39.  Lin CY, Louis ED, Faust PL, et al. Abnormal climbing fibre-Purkinje cell synaptic connections in the essential tremor cerebellum. Brain. 2014;137:3149-3159.

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40.  Louis RJ, Lin CY, Faust PL, et al. Climbing fiber synaptic changes correlate with clinical features in essential tremor. Neurology. 2015;84:2284-2286.

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41.  Kuo SH, Lin CY, Wang J, et al. Climbing fiber-Purkinje cell synaptic pathology in tremor and cerebellar degenerative diseases. Acta Neuropathol. Acta Neuropathol. 2017;133:121-138.

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42.  Kuo SH, Lin CY, Wang J, et al. Deep brain stimulation and climbing fiber synaptic pathology in essential tremor. Ann Neurol. 2016;80:461-465.

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43.  Kuo SH, Tang G, Louis ED, et al. Lingo-1 expression is increased in essential tremor cerebellum and is present in the basket cell pinceau. Acta Neuropathol. 2013;125:879-889.

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44.  Lee M, Cheng MM, Lin CY, et al. Decreased EAAT2 protein expression in the essential tremor cerebellar cortex. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2014;2:157.

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45.  Babij R, Lee M, Cortés E, et al. Purkinje cell axonal anatomy: quantifying morphometric changes in essential tremor versus control brains. Brain. 2013;136:3051-3061.

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46.  Louis ED, Lee M, Babij R, et al. Reduced Purkinje cell dendritic arborization and loss of dendritic spines in essential tremor. Brain. 2014;137:3142-3148.

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47.  Kuo SH, Erickson-Davis C, Gillman A, et al. Increased number of heterotopic Purkinje cells in essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011;82:1038-1040.

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48.  Wang J, Kelly GC, Tate WJ, et al. Excitatory amino acid transporter expression in the essential tremor dentate nucleus and cerebellar cortex: a postmortem study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016;32:87-93.

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49.  Louis ED. A new twist for stopping the shakes? Revisiting GABAergic therapy for essential tremor. Arch Neurol. 1999;56:807-808.

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50.  Paris-Robidas S, Brochu E, Sintes M, et al. Defective dentate nucleus GABA receptors in essential tremor. Brain. 2012;135:105-116.

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51.  Kralic JE, Criswell HE, Osterman JL, et al. Genetic essential tremor in gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptor alpha1 subunit knockout mice. J Clin Invest. 2005;115:774-779.

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52.  Louis ED, Ford B, Barnes LF. Clinical subtypes of essential tremor. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:1194-1198.

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53.  Louis ED, Benito-León J, Ottman R, et al; Neurological Disorders in Central Spain (NEDICES) Study Group. A population-based study of mortality in essential tremor. Neurology. 2007;69:1982-1989.

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54.  Deuschl G, Petersen I, Lorenz D, et al. Tremor in the elderly: essential and aging-related tremor. Mov Disord. 2015;30:1327-1334.

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55.  Bermejo-Pareja F, Louis ED, Benito-León J; Neurological Disorders in Central Spain (NEDICES) Study Group. Risk of incident dementia in essential tremor: a population-based study. Mov Disord. 2007;22:1573-1580.

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56.  Muthuraman M, Deuschl G, Anwar AR, et al. Essential and aging-related tremor: differences of central control. Mov Disord. 2015;30:1673-1680.

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57.  Kuo SH, Wang J, Tate WJ, et al. Cerebellar pathology in early onset and late onset essential tremor. Cerebellum. 2016 Oct 10 [Epub ahead of print].

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58.  Higgins JJ, Loveless JM, Jankovic J, et al. Evidence that a gene for essential tremor maps to chromosome 2p in four families. Mov Disord. 1998;13:972-977.

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59.  Tanner CM, Goldman SM, Lyons KE, et al. Essential tremor in twins: an assessment of genetic vs environmental determinants of etiology. Neurology. 2001;57:1389-1391.

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60.  Kovach MJ, Ruiz J, Kimonis K, et al. Genetic heterogeneity in autosomal dominant essential tremor. Genet Med. 2001;3:197-199.

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61.  Deuschl G, Raethjen J, Lindemann M, et al. The pathophysiology of tremor. Muscle Nerve. 2001;24:716-735.

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62.  Thenganatt MA, Louis ED. Distinguishing essential tremor from Parkinson's disease: bedside tests and laboratory evaluations. Expert Rev Neurother. 2012;12:687-696.

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63.  Kronenbuerger M, Konczak J, Ziegler W, et al. Balance and motor speech impairment in essential tremor. Cerebellum. 2009;8:389-398.

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64.  Palumbo B, Fravolini ML, Nuvoli S, et al. Comparison of two neural network classifiers in the differential diagnosis of essential tremor and Parkinson's disease by (123)I-FP-CIT brain SPECT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:2146-2153.

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65.  Sharifi S, Nederveen AJ, Booij J, et al. Neuroimaging essentials in essential tremor: a systematic review. Neuroimage Clin. 2014;5:217-231.

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66.  Benito-Leon J, Louis ED. Clinical update: diagnosis and treatment of essential tremor. Lancet. 2007;369:1152-1154.

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67.  Benito-León J, Louis ED. Essential tremor: emerging views of a common disorder. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2006;2:666-678.

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68.  Trenado C, Amtage F, Huethe F, et al. Suppression of enhanced physiological tremor via stochastic noise: initial observations. PLoS One. 2014;9:e112782.

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69.  Louis ED, Ottman R, Ford B, et al. The Washington Heights-Inwood Genetic Study of Essential Tremor: methodologic issues in essential-tremor research. Neuroepidemiology. 1997;16:124-133.

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70.  Gironell A, Kulisevsky J, Barbanoj M, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled comparative trial of gabapentin and propranolol in essential tremor. Arch Neurol. 1999;56:475-480.

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71.  Baruzzi A, Procaccianti G, Martinelli P, et al. Phenobarbitone and propranolol in essential tremor: a double-blind controlled clinical trial. Neurology. 1983;33:296-300.

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72.  Tolosa ES, Loewenson RB. Essential tremor: treatment with propranolol. Neurology. 1975;25:1041-1044.

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73.  Larsen TA, Teravainen H, Calne DB. Atenolol vs. propranolol in essential tremor. A controlled, quantitative study. Acta Neurol Scand. 1982;66:547-554.

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74.  Winkler GF, Young RR. Efficacy of chronic propranolol therapy in action tremors of the familial, senile or essential varieties. N Engl J Med. 1974;290:984-988.

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75.  Morgan MH, Hewer RL, Cooper R. Effect of the beta adrenergic blocking agent propranolol on essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1973;36:618-624.

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76.  Calzetti S, Findley LJ, Perucca E, et al. The response of essential tremor to propranolol evaluation of clinical variables governing its efficacy on prolonged administration. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1983;46:393-398.

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77.  Calzetti S, Findley LJ, Perucca E, et al. Controlled study of metoprolol and propranolol during prolonged administration in people with essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1982;45:893-897.

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78.  Cleeves L, Findley LJ. Propranolol and propranolol-LA in essential tremor: a double blind comparative study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988;51:379-384.

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79.  Jefferson D, Jenner P, Marsden CD. Beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists in essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1979;42:904-909.

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80.  Findley LJ, Cleeves L, Calzetti S. Primidone in essential tremor of the hands and head: a double blind controlled clinical study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1985;48:911-915.

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81.  Gunal DI, Afsar N, Bekiroglu N, et al. New alternative agents in essential tremor therapy: double-blind placebo-controlled study of alprazolam and acetazolamide. Neurol Sci. 2000;21:315-317.

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82.  Sasso E, Perucca E, Calzetti S. Double-blind comparison of primidone and phenobarbital in essential tremor. Neurology. 1988;38:808-810.

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83.  Zesiewicz TA, Elble RJ, Louis ED, et al. Evidence-based guideline update: treatment of essential tremor: report of the Quality Standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2011;77:1752-1755.

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84.  O'Suilleabhain P, Dewey RB, Jr. Randomized trial comparing primidone initiation schedules for treating essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2002;17:382-386.

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85.  Gorman WP, Cooper R, Pocock P, et al. A comparison of primidone, propranolol, and placebo in essential tremor, using quantitative analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1986;49:64-68.

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86.  Zesiewicz TA, Kuo S. Essential tremor. BMJ Clin Evid. 2015;2015:1206.

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87.  Ondo W, Hunter C, Vuong KD, et al. Gabapentin for essential tremor: a multiple-dose, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Mov Disord. 2000;15:678-682.

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88.  Pahwa R, Lyons K, Hubble JP, et al. Double-blind controlled trial of gabapentin in essential tremor. Mov Disord. 1998;13:465-467.

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89.  Huber SJ, Paulson GW. Efficacy of alprazolam for essential tremor. Neurology. 1988;38:241-243.

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90.  Ondo WG, Jankovic J, Connor GS, et al. Topiramate in essential tremor: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology. 2006;66:672-677.

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91.  Connor G. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of topiramate treatment for essential tremor. Neurology. 2002;59:132-134.

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92.  Frima N, Grunewald RA. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of topiramate in essential tremor. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2006;29:94-96.

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93.  Flora ED, Perera CL, Cameron AL, et al. Deep brain stimulation for essential tremor: a systematic review. Mov Disord. 2010;25:1550-1559.

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94.  Deuschl G, Bain P. Deep brain stimulation for tremor [correction of trauma]: patient selection and evaluation. Mov Disord. 2002;17 (Suppl 3):S102-S111.

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95.  Okun MS, Fernandez HH, Pedraza O, et al. Development and initial validation of a screening tool for Parkinson disease surgical candidates. Neurology. 2004;63:161-163.

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96.  Okun MS, Fernandez HH, Rodriguez RL, et al. Identifying candidates for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: the role of the primary care physician. Geriatrics. 2007;62:18-24.

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97.  Okun MS, Rodriguez RL, Mikos A, et al. Deep brain stimulation and the role of the neuropsychologist. Clin Neuropsychol. 2007;21:162-189.

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98.  Rodriguez RL, Fernandez HH, Haq I, et al. Pearls in patient selection for deep brain stimulation. Neurologist. 2007;13:253-260.

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99.  Alesch F, Pinter MM, Helscher RJ, et al. Stimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus in tremor dominated Parkinson's disease and essential tremor. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1995;136:75-81.

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100.  Benabid AL, Pollak P, Gao D, et al. Chronic electrical stimulation of the ventralis intermedius nucleus of the thalamus as a treatment of movement disorders. J Neurosurg. 1996;84:203-214.

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101.  Benabid AL, Pollak P, Hommel M, et al. Treatment of Parkinson tremor by chronic stimulation of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus. Rev Neurol. (Paris) 1989;145:320-323. [In French.]

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102.  Blond S, Caparros-Lefebvre D, Parker F, et al. Control of tremor and involuntary movement disorders by chronic stereotactic stimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus. J Neurosurg. 1992;77:62-68.

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103.  Hubble JP, Busenbark KL, Wilkinson S, et al. Deep brain stimulation for essential tremor. Neurology. 1996;46:1150-1153.

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104.  Koller W, Pahwa R, Busenbark K, et al. High-frequency unilateral thalamic stimulation in the treatment of essential and parkinsonian tremor. Ann Neurol. 1997;42:292-299.

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105.  Krauss JK, Simpson RK, Jr, Ondo WG, et al. Concepts and methods in chronic thalamic stimulation for treatment of tremor: technique and application. Neurosurgery. 2001;48:535-543.

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106.  Lee JY, Kondziolka D. Thalamic deep brain stimulation for management of essential tremor. J Neurosurg. 2005;103:400-403.

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107.  Limousin P, Speelman JD, Gielen F, et al. Multicentre European study of thalamic stimulation in parkinsonian and essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;66:289-296.

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108.  Ondo W, Jankovic J, Schwartz K, et al. Unilateral thalamic deep brain stimulation for refractory essential tremor and Parkinson's disease tremor. Neurology. 1998;51:1063-1069.

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109.  Pahwa R, Lyons KE, Wilkinson SB, et al. Long-term evaluation of deep brain stimulation of the thalamus. J Neurosurg. 2006;104:506-512.

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110.  Schuurman PR, Bosch DA, Bossuyt PM, et al. A comparison of continuous thalamic stimulation and thalamotomy for suppression of severe tremor. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:461-468.

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111.  Sydow O, Thobois S, Alesch F, et al. Multicentre European study of thalamic stimulation in essential tremor: a six year follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74:1387-1391.

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112.  Koller WC, Lyons KE, Wilkinson SB, et al. Efficacy of unilateral deep brain stimulation of the VIM nucleus of the thalamus for essential head tremor. Mov Disord. 1999;14:847-850.

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113.  Koller WC, Lyons KE, Wilkinson SB, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of unilateral deep brain stimulation of the thalamus in essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2001;16:464-468.

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114.  Favilla CG, Ullman D, Wagle Shukla A, et al. Worsening essential tremor following deep brain stimulation: disease progression versus tolerance. Brain. 2012;135:1455-1462.

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115.  Hariz MI, Shamsgovara P, Johansson F, et al. Tolerance and tremor rebound following long-term chronic thalamic stimulation for Parkinsonian and essential tremor. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1999;72:208-218.

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116.  Hwynn N, Hass CJ, Zeilman P, et al. Steady or not following thalamic deep brain stimulation for essential tremor. J Neurol. 2011;258:1643-1648.

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117.  Sixel-Doring F, Benecke R, Fogel W, et al; German Deep Brain Stimulation Association. Tiefe Hirnstimulation bei essenziellem Tremor. Empfehlungen der Deutschen Arbeitsgemeinschaft Tiefe Hirnstimulation. [Deep brain stimulation for essential tremor. Consensus recommendations of the German Deep Brain Stimulation Association]. Nervenarzt. 2009;80:662-665. [In German]

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118.  Fytagoridis A, Sandvik U, Aström M, et al. Long term follow-up of deep brain stimulation of the caudal zona incerta for essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83:258-262.

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119.  Barbe MT, Liebhart L, Runge M, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the ventral intermediate nucleus in patients with essential tremor: stimulation below intercommissural line is more efficient but equally effective as stimulation above. Exp Neurol. 2011;230:131-137.

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120.  Chang WS, Chung JC, Kim JP, et al. Simultaneous thalamic and posterior subthalamic electrode insertion with single deep brain stimulation electrode for essential tremor. Neuromodulation. 2013;16:236-243; discussion 243.

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121.  Elias WJ, Lipsman N, Ondo WG, et al. A randomized trial of focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:730-739.

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122.  O'Connor RJ, Kini MU. Non-pharmacological and non-surgical interventions for tremor: a systematic review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011;17:509-515.

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123.  Louis ED. Essential tremor. Clin Geriatr Med. 2006;22:843-857, vii.

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124.  Sasso E, Perucca E, Fava R, et al. Primidone in the long-term treatment of essential tremor: a prospective study with computerized quantitative analysis. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1990;13:67-76.

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125.  Auff E, Doppelbauer A, Fertl E. Essential tremor: functional disability vs. subjective impairment. J Neural Transm. 1991;33:105-110.

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126.  Koller WC, Busenbark K, Miner K. The relationship of essential tremor to other movement disorders: report on 678 patients. Essential Tremor Study Group. Ann Neurol. 1994;35:717-723.

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