管理的目的是为了减少震颤、改善功能及减少社交尴尬。但是,患者对药物的反应是不可预测的,较大比例的患者 (25%-55%) 对药物无反应。这可能是因为原发性震颤 (ET) 的不同质性,且有不同的临床亚型(如伴或不伴头部震颤),这可能会导致发病机理和疗效的不同。[5]Louis ED. Clinical practice. Essential tremor. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:887-891.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11565522?tool=bestpractice.com完全抑制震颤是不太可能的。药物治疗疗效不佳的患者,可能适合手术。
无功能紊乱或社交尴尬的轻度疾病
无功能紊乱或社交尴尬的轻度病例不应用药。[5]Louis ED. Clinical practice. Essential tremor. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:887-891.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11565522?tool=bestpractice.com对于这些患者,只需进行观察。
药物治疗
无功能紊乱或社交尴尬的轻度病例不应用药。[5]Louis ED. Clinical practice. Essential tremor. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:887-891.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11565522?tool=bestpractice.com对于这些患者,只需进行观察。
内科治疗可用来改善功能(如签支票、执行工作相关任务)或减少与疾病有关的尴尬(如在公共场合吃喝而不造成混乱)。一线药剂包括普萘洛尔震颤得分:低质量的证据表明,与安慰剂相比,服用普萘洛尔1 个月后可能改善临床评分、震颤幅度及自我评估的严重程度。[20]Teravainen H, Larsen A, Fogelholm R. Comparison between the effects of pindolol and propranolol on essential tremor. Neurology. 1977;27:439-442.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/558548?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Gironell A, Kulisevsky J, Barbanoj M, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled comparative trial of gabapentin and propranolol in essential tremor. Arch Neurol. 1999;56:475-480.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10199338?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Baruzzi A, Procaccianti G, Martinelli P, et al. Phenobarbitone and propranolol in essential tremor: a double-blind controlled clinical trial. Neurology. 1983;33:296-300.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6338416?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Tolosa ES, Loewenson RB. Essential tremor: treatment with propranolol. Neurology. 1975;25:1041-1044.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1237822?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Larsen TA, Teravainen H, Calne DB. Atenolol vs. propranolol in essential tremor. A controlled, quantitative study. Acta Neurol Scand. 1982;66:547-554.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7148397?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Winkler GF, Young RR. Efficacy of chronic propranolol therapy in action tremors of the familial, senile or essential varieties. N Engl J Med. 1974;290:984-988.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4594525?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Morgan MH, Hewer RL, Cooper R. Effect of the beta adrenergic blocking agent propranolol on essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1973;36:618-624.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4581347?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Calzetti S, Findley LJ, Perucca E, et al. The response of essential tremor to propranolol evaluation of clinical variables governing its efficacy on prolonged administration. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1983;46:393-398.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6101174?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Calzetti S, Findley LJ, Perucca E, et al. Controlled study of metoprolol and propranolol during prolonged administration in people with essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1982;45:893-897.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6815306?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Cleeves L, Findley LJ. Propranolol and propranolol-LA in essential tremor: a double blind comparative study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988;51:379-384.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3283296?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Jefferson D, Jenner P, Marsden CD. Beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists in essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1979;42:904-909.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/512665?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。和扑米酮。震颤得分:低质量的证据表明,与安慰剂相比,服用扑米酮 4-10 周后可能改善震颤和功能。[80]Findley LJ, Cleeves L, Calzetti S. Primidone in essential tremor of the hands and head: a double blind controlled clinical study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1985;48:911-915.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3900296?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Gunal DI, Afsar N, Bekiroglu N, et al. New alternative agents in essential tremor therapy: double-blind placebo-controlled study of alprazolam and acetazolamide. Neurol Sci. 2000;21:315-317.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11286044?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Sasso E, Perucca E, Calzetti S. Double-blind comparison of primidone and phenobarbital in essential tremor. Neurology. 1988;38:808-810.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3283599?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。应向希望药物治疗原发性震颤的患者提供这些药物。药物的选择需根据患者的身体状况和药物的潜在不良反应而定。[83]Zesiewicz TA, Elble RJ, Louis ED, et al. Evidence-based guideline update: treatment of essential tremor: report of the Quality Standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2011;77:1752-1755.http://www.neurology.org/content/77/19/1752.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22013182?tool=bestpractice.com
研究显示,在剂量为120 mg/日或更高时,普萘洛尔比安慰剂更有效。[72]Tolosa ES, Loewenson RB. Essential tremor: treatment with propranolol. Neurology. 1975;25:1041-1044.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1237822?tool=bestpractice.com扑米酮的代谢物苯乙基丙二酰胺 (PEMA)具有抗痉挛作用,可能是该药物抗震颤的原因。开始服用扑米酮时往往出现共济失调、恶心及呕吐的急性毒性反应,即使以较低起始剂量或较慢的滴定程序给药,这些不良反应也不可避免。[84]O'Suilleabhain P, Dewey RB, Jr. Randomized trial comparing primidone initiation schedules for treating essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2002;17:382-386.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11921128?tool=bestpractice.com尽管如此,研究显示,比起普萘洛尔,患者更喜欢扑米酮。[85]Gorman WP, Cooper R, Pocock P, et al. A comparison of primidone, propranolol, and placebo in essential tremor, using quantitative analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1986;49:64-68.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3514797?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Zesiewicz TA, Kuo S. Essential tremor. BMJ Clin Evid. 2015;2015:1206.http://clinicalevidence.bmj.com/x/systematic-review/1206/overview.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26678329?tool=bestpractice.com
如果扑米酮和普萘洛尔无效或不耐受,有数种二线药剂可用于治疗原发性震颤。还可使用抗惊厥药加巴喷丁。[70]Gironell A, Kulisevsky J, Barbanoj M, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled comparative trial of gabapentin and propranolol in essential tremor. Arch Neurol. 1999;56:475-480.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10199338?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Ondo W, Hunter C, Vuong KD, et al. Gabapentin for essential tremor: a multiple-dose, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Mov Disord. 2000;15:678-682.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10928578?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Pahwa R, Lyons K, Hubble JP, et al. Double-blind controlled trial of gabapentin in essential tremor. Mov Disord. 1998;13:465-467.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9613738?tool=bestpractice.com震颤得分:低质量的证据表明,与安慰剂相比,加巴喷丁的功效尚不清楚。[70]Gironell A, Kulisevsky J, Barbanoj M, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled comparative trial of gabapentin and propranolol in essential tremor. Arch Neurol. 1999;56:475-480.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10199338?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Ondo W, Hunter C, Vuong KD, et al. Gabapentin for essential tremor: a multiple-dose, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Mov Disord. 2000;15:678-682.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10928578?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Pahwa R, Lyons K, Hubble JP, et al. Double-blind controlled trial of gabapentin in essential tremor. Mov Disord. 1998;13:465-467.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9613738?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。苯二氮卓类药物可增强 GABA药效,而阿普唑仑则是另一种二线选择。[89]Huber SJ, Paulson GW. Efficacy of alprazolam for essential tremor. Neurology. 1988;38:241-243.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3340287?tool=bestpractice.com震颤得分:低质量的证据表明,与安慰剂相比,服用阿普唑仑 2-4 周后可能改善震颤和功能。[89]Huber SJ, Paulson GW. Efficacy of alprazolam for essential tremor. Neurology. 1988;38:241-243.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3340287?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Gunal DI, Afsar N, Bekiroglu N, et al. New alternative agents in essential tremor therapy: double-blind placebo-controlled study of alprazolam and acetazolamide. Neurol Sci. 2000;21:315-317.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11286044?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。但是,镇静效果会限制其使用。还可使用另一种抗惊厥药托吡酯。[90]Ondo WG, Jankovic J, Connor GS, et al. Topiramate in essential tremor: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology. 2006;66:672-677.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16436648?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Zesiewicz TA, Elble RJ, Louis ED, et al. Evidence-based guideline update: treatment of essential tremor: report of the Quality Standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2011;77:1752-1755.http://www.neurology.org/content/77/19/1752.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22013182?tool=bestpractice.com震颤得分:低质量的证据表明,与安慰剂相比,服用托吡酯 2 周或24 周治疗后可能提高观察者评估的震颤得分。[90]Ondo WG, Jankovic J, Connor GS, et al. Topiramate in essential tremor: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology. 2006;66:672-677.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16436648?tool=bestpractice.com[91]Connor G. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of topiramate treatment for essential tremor. Neurology. 2002;59:132-134.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12105323?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Frima N, Grunewald RA. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of topiramate in essential tremor. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2006;29:94-96.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614542?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
手术治疗
丘脑腹中间核 (VIM) 的深部脑刺激 (DBS) 是针对震颤影响日常生活的药物难治性患者(如患者不能用一只手写字或拿杯子)的一种高效手术治疗法。[93]Flora ED, Perera CL, Cameron AL, et al. Deep brain stimulation for essential tremor: a systematic review. Mov Disord. 2010;25:1550-1559.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20623768?tool=bestpractice.com由于这是一种选择性手术,因此确定收益风险比至关重要。包括准确诊断患者震颤、确定恰当的药物治疗无效、判断震颤控制后患者功能能力及生活质量的改善情况及评估患者是否适合手术(如年龄、认知功能及医学共患病)。
治疗团队应包括由专攻运动障碍的神经科医师、神经外科医生及神经心理学家组成的多学科团队。对于没有此类专家的中心,有更简单的筛选方法帮助确定需要进行深部脑刺激的患者。[94]Deuschl G, Bain P. Deep brain stimulation for tremor [correction of trauma]: patient selection and evaluation. Mov Disord. 2002;17 (Suppl 3):S102-S111.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11948763?tool=bestpractice.com[95]Okun MS, Fernandez HH, Pedraza O, et al. Development and initial validation of a screening tool for Parkinson disease surgical candidates. Neurology. 2004;63:161-163.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15249630?tool=bestpractice.com[96]Okun MS, Fernandez HH, Rodriguez RL, et al. Identifying candidates for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: the role of the primary care physician. Geriatrics. 2007;62:18-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17489644?tool=bestpractice.com[97]Okun MS, Rodriguez RL, Mikos A, et al. Deep brain stimulation and the role of the neuropsychologist. Clin Neuropsychol. 2007;21:162-189.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17366283?tool=bestpractice.com[98]Rodriguez RL, Fernandez HH, Haq I, et al. Pearls in patient selection for deep brain stimulation. Neurologist. 2007;13:253-260.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17848865?tool=bestpractice.com
数项长短期随访的研究已证实了丘脑腹中间核的深部脑刺激对震颤有效。研究显示震颤减少率介于 50%-90%,大多数患者震颤减少 70%-80%。[99]Alesch F, Pinter MM, Helscher RJ, et al. Stimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus in tremor dominated Parkinson's disease and essential tremor. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1995;136:75-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8748831?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Benabid AL, Pollak P, Gao D, et al. Chronic electrical stimulation of the ventralis intermedius nucleus of the thalamus as a treatment of movement disorders. J Neurosurg. 1996;84:203-214.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8592222?tool=bestpractice.com[101]Benabid AL, Pollak P, Hommel M, et al. Treatment of Parkinson tremor by chronic stimulation of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus. Rev Neurol. (Paris) 1989;145:320-323. [In French.]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2660224?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Blond S, Caparros-Lefebvre D, Parker F, et al. Control of tremor and involuntary movement disorders by chronic stereotactic stimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus. J Neurosurg. 1992;77:62-68.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1607973?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Hubble JP, Busenbark KL, Wilkinson S, et al. Deep brain stimulation for essential tremor. Neurology. 1996;46:1150-1153.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8780109?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Koller W, Pahwa R, Busenbark K, et al. High-frequency unilateral thalamic stimulation in the treatment of essential and parkinsonian tremor. Ann Neurol. 1997;42:292-299.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9307249?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Krauss JK, Simpson RK, Jr, Ondo WG, et al. Concepts and methods in chronic thalamic stimulation for treatment of tremor: technique and application. Neurosurgery. 2001;48:535-543.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11270543?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Lee JY, Kondziolka D. Thalamic deep brain stimulation for management of essential tremor. J Neurosurg. 2005;103:400-403.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16235669?tool=bestpractice.com[107]Limousin P, Speelman JD, Gielen F, et al. Multicentre European study of thalamic stimulation in parkinsonian and essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;66:289-296.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10084526?tool=bestpractice.com[108]Ondo W, Jankovic J, Schwartz K, et al. Unilateral thalamic deep brain stimulation for refractory essential tremor and Parkinson's disease tremor. Neurology. 1998;51:1063-1069.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9781530?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Pahwa R, Lyons KE, Wilkinson SB, et al. Long-term evaluation of deep brain stimulation of the thalamus. J Neurosurg. 2006;104:506-512.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16619653?tool=bestpractice.com[110]Schuurman PR, Bosch DA, Bossuyt PM, et al. A comparison of continuous thalamic stimulation and thalamotomy for suppression of severe tremor. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:461-468.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10675426?tool=bestpractice.com[111]Sydow O, Thobois S, Alesch F, et al. Multicentre European study of thalamic stimulation in essential tremor: a six year follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74:1387-1391.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1757400/pdf/v074p01387.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14570831?tool=bestpractice.com尽管研究显示一段时间后 18.5%-21%的患者震颤抑制效果变差,[100]Benabid AL, Pollak P, Gao D, et al. Chronic electrical stimulation of the ventralis intermedius nucleus of the thalamus as a treatment of movement disorders. J Neurosurg. 1996;84:203-214.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8592222?tool=bestpractice.com[112]Koller WC, Lyons KE, Wilkinson SB, et al. Efficacy of unilateral deep brain stimulation of the VIM nucleus of the thalamus for essential head tremor. Mov Disord. 1999;14:847-850.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10495050?tool=bestpractice.com但是长达6 年的随访研究显示震颤持续减少了46%-86%。[109]Pahwa R, Lyons KE, Wilkinson SB, et al. Long-term evaluation of deep brain stimulation of the thalamus. J Neurosurg. 2006;104:506-512.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16619653?tool=bestpractice.com[111]Sydow O, Thobois S, Alesch F, et al. Multicentre European study of thalamic stimulation in essential tremor: a six year follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74:1387-1391.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1757400/pdf/v074p01387.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14570831?tool=bestpractice.com[113]Koller WC, Lyons KE, Wilkinson SB, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of unilateral deep brain stimulation of the thalamus in essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2001;16:464-468.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11606685?tool=bestpractice.com疗效丧失大多数是由疾病进展导致;文献中耐药性的出现可能被过分渲染了。[114]Favilla CG, Ullman D, Wagle Shukla A, et al. Worsening essential tremor following deep brain stimulation: disease progression versus tolerance. Brain. 2012;135:1455-1462.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22344584?tool=bestpractice.com不良事件的发生率介于 9%[115]Hariz MI, Shamsgovara P, Johansson F, et al. Tolerance and tremor rebound following long-term chronic thalamic stimulation for Parkinsonian and essential tremor. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1999;72:208-218.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10853080?tool=bestpractice.com-65%。[112]Koller WC, Lyons KE, Wilkinson SB, et al. Efficacy of unilateral deep brain stimulation of the VIM nucleus of the thalamus for essential head tremor. Mov Disord. 1999;14:847-850.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10495050?tool=bestpractice.com根据运动状况、生活质量及以患者的主观印象量表,发生和未发生不良事件对患者生活质量无明显影响。丘脑刺激是可调节的,因此,如果刺激导致了不良反应,可修改刺激参数或中断刺激。刺激引起的不良反应(包括感觉异常、构音障碍及步态障碍)相对常见,但调整设置后,这些不良反应是可逆的。一项研究表明,原发性震颤患者进行深部脑刺激手术之后,行走困难加重的发病率被严重低估,多达 58% 的患者可能会出现这种情况。这种不良反应似乎在 Fahn-Tolosa-Marin 震颤评定量表得分较高的患者中更常见,这通常与患者病情较重和基线时更易步态不稳有关。[116]Hwynn N, Hass CJ, Zeilman P, et al. Steady or not following thalamic deep brain stimulation for essential tremor. J Neurol. 2011;258:1643-1648.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21442464?tool=bestpractice.com长期疗效和不良事件尚未完全定义,但共识声明指出深部脑刺激优于病变处丘脑切开术,深部脑刺激的功能性预后更佳,不良反应更少。[117]Sixel-Doring F, Benecke R, Fogel W, et al; German Deep Brain Stimulation Association. Tiefe Hirnstimulation bei essenziellem Tremor. Empfehlungen der Deutschen Arbeitsgemeinschaft Tiefe Hirnstimulation. [Deep brain stimulation for essential tremor. Consensus recommendations of the German Deep Brain Stimulation Association]. Nervenarzt. 2009;80:662-665. [In German]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19404603?tool=bestpractice.com
另一个可进行深部脑刺激的靶点为尾侧未定带(cZi),亦被称为后丘脑下区。研究提出了一种新策略,将深部脑刺激导线经 VIM 丘脑核植入 cZi,可对其中一个或两个靶点进行刺激。这种新靶点有较大可能长久抑制这些患者的对侧震颤。[118]Fytagoridis A, Sandvik U, Aström M, et al. Long term follow-up of deep brain stimulation of the caudal zona incerta for essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83:258-262.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22205676?tool=bestpractice.com[119]Barbe MT, Liebhart L, Runge M, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the ventral intermediate nucleus in patients with essential tremor: stimulation below intercommissural line is more efficient but equally effective as stimulation above. Exp Neurol. 2011;230:131-137.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21515262?tool=bestpractice.com[120]Chang WS, Chung JC, Kim JP, et al. Simultaneous thalamic and posterior subthalamic electrode insertion with single deep brain stimulation electrode for essential tremor. Neuromodulation. 2013;16:236-243; discussion 243.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22985104?tool=bestpractice.com
MRI 引导下的超声聚焦丘脑切除术已被证实可有效用于药物难治性 ET 病例,并且病情改善效果可持续 12 个月以上。[121]Elias WJ, Lipsman N, Ondo WG, et al. A randomized trial of focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:730-739.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1600159#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27557301?tool=bestpractice.com但是长期疗效和不良反应仍有待观察。对于 ET 病例,超声聚焦丘脑切除术可以作为替代 DBS 手术的一种良好的疗法。
辅助疗法
各种非药物和非手术干预有助于震颤管理,因此一直得到提倡,包括神经肌肉物理治疗、力量训练及应用粘性材料、加重夹板和振动疗法的震颤抑制矫正法。职业理疗师经常采用这些治疗方法来改善震颤患者的日常生活,但是这些方法的疗效有待商榷。[122]O'Connor RJ, Kini MU. Non-pharmacological and non-surgical interventions for tremor: a systematic review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011;17:509-515.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21632272?tool=bestpractice.com