治疗方案存在差异,具体取决于癌症的分期。I 期至 IIIA 期肺癌可能治愈;因此,治愈患者是主要目标。对于 IIIB 至 IV 期患者,治疗的目的是逆转、延迟或防止由于局部肿瘤或转移出现的症状,以期获得罕见但明显的反应(仅见于少数人群)。对于所有治疗,患者的健康状况是影响决策制定的一个重要因素。
Care of patients with lung cancer should be undertaken by a multi-disciplinary team in a consultant oncology centre. Good palliative and supportive care is important at all stages of the disease and in advanced NSCLC has been shown to confer advantages in terms of both quality of life [
]How does early palliative care compare with standard oncological care in adults with advanced cancer?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1838/full显示答案
和生存期。[97]Temel JS, Greer JA, Muzikansky A, et al. Early palliative care for patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:733-742.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1000678#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20818875?tool=bestpractice.com[98]Rodrigues G, Videtic GM, Sur R, et al. Palliative thoracic radiotherapy in lung cancer: an American Society for Radiation Oncology evidence-based clinical practice guideline. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2011;1:60-71.http://www.practicalradonc.org/article/S1879-8500%2811%2900091-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25740118?tool=bestpractice.com
适合手术的早期 NSCLC(I-II 期)
初始治疗应为手术切除,最好由一名胸外科肿瘤医师进行。对于有足够肺储备患者,肺叶切除术(切除整个肺叶)或肺段切除术(切除一段肺叶)通常优于楔形切除术(切割部分的肺叶),后者与较高的复发率有关。[99]Ginsberg RJ, Rubinstein LV. Randomized trial of lobectomy versus limited resection for T1 N0 non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer Study Group. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995;60:615-622.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7677489?tool=bestpractice.com 通过开胸术或微创技术(例如电视胸腔镜手术)可以进入胸部。后者需要的住院时间较短,术后疼痛较少,并且可能更安全,因此获得青睐。[100]Falcoz PE, Puyraveau M, Thomas PA, et al. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus open lobectomy for primary non-small-cell lung cancer: a propensity-matched analysis of outcome from the European Society of Thoracic Surgeon database. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2016;49:602-609.https://academic.oup.com/ejcts/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/ejcts/ezv154http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25913824?tool=bestpractice.com 建议对纵隔淋巴结取样或切除。
手术治疗为治愈早期 NSCLC 提供了最佳机会,但相关并发症发生率较高。肺叶切除术后 30 天死亡率约为 1%-3%,全肺切除术后的死亡率为 3%-6%。30 天至 90 天的死亡率受到年龄、体力状态和手术类型的显著影响。[101]Powell HA, Tata LJ, Baldwin DR, et al. Early mortality after surgical resection for lung cancer: an analysis of the English National Lung cancer audit. Thorax. 2013;68:826-834.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/68/9/826.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23687050?tool=bestpractice.com 接受术前放化疗的患者在肺切除术后的死亡率甚至更高,特别是在右肺切除术后。[102]Albain KS, Swann RS, Rusch VR, et al. Phase III study of concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy (CT/RT) vs CT/RT followed by surgical resection for stage IIIA (pN2) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): outcomes update of North American Intergroup 0139 (RTOG 9309). J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(suppl 1):624.
术中和术后并发症包括出血、感染、心肌缺血、卒中、心律不齐、肺炎、持续性漏气、乳糜胸、肺水肿和支气管胸膜瘘。
手术完全切除的 NSCLC 患者有发生转移的风险。现已证实,辅助化疗可提高 Ⅰ 期至 Ⅱ 期(以及 Ⅲ 期疾病)患者的生存率,目前已常规用于 IB 期疾病(肿瘤> 4 cm)至 ⅢB 期疾病的患者。[103]Arriagada R, Bergman B, Dunant A, et al; The International Adjuvant Lung Cancer Trial Collaborative Group. Cisplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with completely resected non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:351-360.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa031644#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14736927?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Douillard JY, Rosell R, De Lena M, et al. Adjuvant vinorelbine plus cisplatin versus observation in patients with completely resected stage IB-IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer (Adjuvant Navelbine International Trialist Association [ANITA]): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2006;7:719-727.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16945766?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Winton T, Livingston R, Johnson D, et al. Vinorelbine plus cisplatin vs. observation in resected non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2589-2597.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa043623#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15972865?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Arriagada R, Dunant A, Pignon JP, et al. Long-term results of the international adjuvant lung cancer trial evaluating adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy in resected lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:35-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19933916?tool=bestpractice.com[107]Butts CA, Ding K, Seymour L, et al. Randomized phase III trial of vinorelbine plus cisplatin compared with observation in completely resected stage IB and II non-small-cell lung cancer: updated survival analysis of JBR-10. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:29-34.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/28/1/29.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19933915?tool=bestpractice.com[108]Burdett S, Pignon JP, Tierney J, et al; Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Collaborative Group. Adjuvant chemotherapy for resected early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(3):CD011430.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011430/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25730344?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the benefits and harms of adjuvant chemotherapy in people with resected early-stage non-small cell lung cancer?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1172/full显示答案
用于较小肿瘤的证据有限,建议开展更多研究来阐明立场。[108]Burdett S, Pignon JP, Tierney J, et al; Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Collaborative Group. Adjuvant chemotherapy for resected early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(3):CD011430.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011430/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25730344?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Felip E, Rosell R, Maestre JA, et al; Spanish Lung Cancer Group. Preoperative chemotherapy plus surgery versus surgery plus adjuvant chemotherapy versus surgery alone in early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:3138-3145.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20516435?tool=bestpractice.com 最佳治疗方案取决于患者个体特征,包括疾病分期、先前治疗方案和是否使用联合放疗或手术切除。死亡率:有低质量证据显示,与术前放疗后进行术后单独放疗相比,术前化疗后进行辅助化疗加放疗并未更有效地降低死亡率。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 方案的选择是复杂的,需要在专科肿瘤单元进行。研究还表明术前化疗可使生存率有相似程度的提高,因此也可以为患者提供。[110]NSCLC Meta-analysis Collaborative Group. Preoperative chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. Lancet. 2014;383:1561-1571.http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2813%2962159-5/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24576776?tool=bestpractice.com 没有证据显示在 NSCLC 潜在的根治性治疗后进行预防性颅脑照射有获益。[111]Patel N, Lester JF, Coles B, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation for preventing brain metastases in patients undergoing radical treatment for non-small cell lung cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(2):CD005221.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15846743?tool=bestpractice.com
术后放疗通常不应用于切缘阴性的早期非小细胞肺癌患者,但对于高危 II 期疾病(存在阳性切缘、切缘近或纵隔淋巴结转移和/或淋巴结外浸润)患者,应考虑应用术后放疗。[112]Postoperative radiotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data from nine randomised controlled trials. PORT Meta-analysis Trialists Group. Lancet. 1998;352:257-263.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9690404?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the benefits and harms of radiotherapy after surgery for non-small cell lung cancer?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1511/full显示答案
可能适合以治愈为目的的非手术治疗的早期 NSCLC(I-II 期)
关于“可手术性”没有已达成共识的国际定义。需要由经验丰富的多学科团队在考虑已发布指南的情况下,作出有关以治愈为目的的治疗是否合适的决策。[85]Lim E, Baldwin D, Beckles M, et al. Guidelines on the radical management of patients with lung cancer. Thorax. 2010;65(suppl 3):iii1-iii27.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20940263?tool=bestpractice.com[113]Brunelli A, Charloux A, Bolliger CT, et al.; European Respiratory Society; European Society of Thoracic Surgeons Joint Task Force on Fitness For Radical Therapy. The European Respiratory Society and European Society of Thoracic Surgeons clinical guidelines for evaluating fitness for radical treatment (surgery and chemoradiotherapy) in patients with lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2009;36:181-184.http://ejcts.oxfordjournals.org/content/36/1/181.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19477657?tool=bestpractice.com
对于早期 NSCLC 患者,如果认为手术风险太高,应当进行常规的体外放疗[114]Sibley GS, Jamieson TA, Marks LB, et al. Radiotherapy alone for medically inoperable stage I non-small-cell lung cancer: the Duke experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;40:149-154.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9422571?tool=bestpractice.com 或立体定向放疗 (SABR)[115]Nagata Y, Takayama K, Matsuo Y, et al. Clinical outcomes of a phase I/II study of 48 Gy of stereotactic body radiotherapy in 4 fractions for primary lung cancer using a stereotactic body frame. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;63:1427-1431.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16169670?tool=bestpractice.com 以及辅助化疗。如果有体外放疗计划且需给予辅助化疗,通常首先给予化疗,之后进行放疗。不适合手术的患者可能也不适合进行化疗。
常规放疗为每日治疗,持续大约 6 至 7 周(每天约 2 Gy,总共 60-70 Gy)。SABR 是一种新型、可能更有效的技术,使用较少的分割(3 至 8 次),每次分割的放射剂量较高(每天 12-20 Gy,总共 48-60 Gy)。有高质量的证据表明这种方法对有早期疾病但因为有显著呼吸道共病而不适合手术的患者是安全的。[116]Timmerman R, McGarry R, Yiannoutsos C, et al. Excessive toxicity when treating central tumors in a phase II study of stereotactic body radiation therapy for medically inoperable early-stage lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:4833-4839.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17050868?tool=bestpractice.com[117]Palma D, Lagerwaard F, Rodrigues G, et al. Curative treatment of stage I non-small-cell lung cancer in patients with severe COPD: stereotactic radiotherapy outcomes and systematic review. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;82:1149-1156.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21640513?tool=bestpractice.com 没有明确的研究比较手术与 SABR 的结局,应开展这些研究,特别是对于身体健康处于边缘状况、需要进行手术的患者。
几位作者提出了经皮射频消融,该疗法可能对因技术原因(例如与之前放疗野重叠)不能实施 SABR 的患者有一定作用,但疗效证据仅限于病例系列。[118]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for primary or secondary lung cancers. December 2010. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 14 September 2017).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg372/
适合手术的 IIIA 期 NSCLC
对于在医学上适合手术的 IIIA 期疾病患者,应考虑术前化疗或放化疗。[103]Arriagada R, Bergman B, Dunant A, et al; The International Adjuvant Lung Cancer Trial Collaborative Group. Cisplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with completely resected non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:351-360.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa031644#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14736927?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Douillard JY, Rosell R, De Lena M, et al. Adjuvant vinorelbine plus cisplatin versus observation in patients with completely resected stage IB-IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer (Adjuvant Navelbine International Trialist Association [ANITA]): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2006;7:719-727.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16945766?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Winton T, Livingston R, Johnson D, et al. Vinorelbine plus cisplatin vs. observation in resected non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2589-2597.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa043623#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15972865?tool=bestpractice.com死亡率:对于 I 到 III 期的非小细胞肺癌患者,有低质量证据显示,与术前没有接受化疗的患者相比,术前接受化疗可以降低死亡率,但 III 期患者并不能从中获益。高达 80% 的患者发生化疗引起的严重毒性,高达 8% 的患者发生毒性相关死亡。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 推荐基于顺铂的化疗方案。有证据显示在更晚期的疾病中(不适合根治性治疗),接受培美曲塞和顺铂联合治疗的非鳞癌患者的结局优于鳞状细胞癌患者,吉西他滨联合顺铂对后一类患者更有效。[119]Scagliotti GV, Parikh P, von Pawel J, et al. Phase III study comparing cisplatin plus gemcitabine with cisplatin plus pemetrexed in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:3543-3551.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/21/3543.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18506025?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,在接受序贯化学外科治疗的更为局限的 IIIA 期疾病患者中,对这种方法的研究不足。
对于这些患者,手术是标准的治疗方案,最好是由胸外科医师进行。对于肺功能储备充分的患者,建议肺叶切除术或全肺切除术。对于老年或有共病的患者,经常需要进行更局限的手术(例如楔形切除或肺段切除),但它与较高的复发率相关。通过开胸术或微创技术(例如电视胸腔镜手术)可以进入胸部。后者需要的住院时间较短,术后疼痛较少,并且可能更安全,因此获得青睐。[100]Falcoz PE, Puyraveau M, Thomas PA, et al. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus open lobectomy for primary non-small-cell lung cancer: a propensity-matched analysis of outcome from the European Society of Thoracic Surgeon database. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2016;49:602-609.https://academic.oup.com/ejcts/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/ejcts/ezv154http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25913824?tool=bestpractice.com 强烈推荐对纵隔淋巴结进行采样或切除。
应考虑进行术前或术后化疗、放疗或放化疗。[110]NSCLC Meta-analysis Collaborative Group. Preoperative chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. Lancet. 2014;383:1561-1571.http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2813%2962159-5/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24576776?tool=bestpractice.com 同时放化疗比序贯放化疗略微更有效,[120]Furuse K, Fukuoka M, Kawahara M, et al. Phase III study of concurrent versus sequential thoracic radiotherapy in combination with mitomycin, vindesine, and cisplatin in unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:2692-2699.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10561343?tool=bestpractice.com[121]Curran WJ, Scott CB, Langer CJ, et al. Long-term benefit is observed in a phase III comparison of sequential vs concurrent chemo-radiation for patients with unresected stage III NSCLC. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2003;22:621. 但放疗与化疗联合(同时)治疗的毒性大于序贯治疗。死亡率:有低质量证据显示,对于不能进行手术切除的 III 期非小细胞肺癌患者,与单独的放疗相比,放疗加化疗能增加 2-5 年的生存率,但是也增加了毒性。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
适合以治愈为目的的非手术治疗的 IIIA 期 NSCLC
手术可行性应该由多学科专家团队进行评估。证据基础缺乏,不能提供精确指导,但是两篇综述为决策制定奠定了良好基础。[85]Lim E, Baldwin D, Beckles M, et al. Guidelines on the radical management of patients with lung cancer. Thorax. 2010;65(suppl 3):iii1-iii27.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20940263?tool=bestpractice.com[113]Brunelli A, Charloux A, Bolliger CT, et al.; European Respiratory Society; European Society of Thoracic Surgeons Joint Task Force on Fitness For Radical Therapy. The European Respiratory Society and European Society of Thoracic Surgeons clinical guidelines for evaluating fitness for radical treatment (surgery and chemoradiotherapy) in patients with lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2009;36:181-184.http://ejcts.oxfordjournals.org/content/36/1/181.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19477657?tool=bestpractice.com 对于 N2 期疾病,在多学科治疗背景下,关于手术的效果仍存在争议。5 项随机临床试验显示,在总死亡率方面,放化疗与联合手术的放化疗之间没有差异。指南建议,对于单区域 N2 期疾病且肿块不大的患者,经高度选择后,可考虑手术治疗。[85]Lim E, Baldwin D, Beckles M, et al. Guidelines on the radical management of patients with lung cancer. Thorax. 2010;65(suppl 3):iii1-iii27.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20940263?tool=bestpractice.com[113]Brunelli A, Charloux A, Bolliger CT, et al.; European Respiratory Society; European Society of Thoracic Surgeons Joint Task Force on Fitness For Radical Therapy. The European Respiratory Society and European Society of Thoracic Surgeons clinical guidelines for evaluating fitness for radical treatment (surgery and chemoradiotherapy) in patients with lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2009;36:181-184.http://ejcts.oxfordjournals.org/content/36/1/181.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19477657?tool=bestpractice.com[122]Ramnath N, Dilling TJ, Harris LJ, et al. Treatment of stage III non-small cell lung cancer: diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2013;143(suppl):e314S-e340S.http://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(13)60299-8/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23649445?tool=bestpractice.com
对于不适合手术的 IIIA 期疾病患者,如果患者健康情况允许,应在联合含铂双药化疗情况下,给予常规体外放疗。[123]van Meerbeeck JP, Kramer GW, Van Schil PE, et al. Randomized controlled trial of resection versus radiotherapy after induction chemotherapy in stage IIIA-N2 non-small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99:442-450.http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/99/6/442.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17374834?tool=bestpractice.com
副作用取决于放射野的大小、放射剂量和邻近器官(不可避免地受放射影响,尤其是肺和食管)。最常见的副作用有乏力、皮肤红斑/脱屑和食管炎。大多数患者在治疗期间会有不同程度的食管炎。最常见的晚期并发症是肺炎,表现为呼吸困难、干咳和发热,发生在完成治疗后的 1-6 个月。肺炎很少致命,可予以口服皮质类固醇对症治疗,必要时予以氧疗。大多数患者在接受放疗后可有不同程度的肺纤维化,但通常无临床症状,除非治疗前肺功能差;在肺功能较差的情况下,呼吸困难可能是一种严重问题。罕见并发症有食管狭窄和支气管狭窄,当放射剂量较高时,更为常见。[62]Miller KL, Shafman TD, Marks LB. A practical approach to pulmonary risk assessment in the radiotherapy of lung cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2004;14:298-307.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15558504?tool=bestpractice.com[124]Socinski MA, Morris DE, Halle JS, et al. Induction and concurrent chemotherapy with high-dose thoracic conformal radiation therapy in unresectable stage IIIA and IIIB non-small-cell lung cancer: a dose-escalation phase I trial. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:4341-4350.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15514375?tool=bestpractice.com[125]Miller KL, Shafman TD, Anscher MS, et al. Bronchial stenosis: an underreported complication of high-dose external beam radiotherapy for lung cancer? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61:64-69.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15629595?tool=bestpractice.com 一项 Cochrane 评价的结论是,如果以姑息目的进行放疗,没有强有力的证据表明增加剂量会改善结局。[126]Stevens R, Macbeth F, Toy E, et al. Palliative radiotherapy regimens for patients with thoracic symptoms from non-small cell lung cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(1):CD002143.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25586198?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do different palliative radiotherapy regimens affect outcomes in people with thoracic symptoms from non-small cell lung cancer?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1190/full显示答案
一项关于较高剂量放疗的研究显示,死亡率出现意外增加,可能是由于心脏损伤。[127]Bradley JD, Paulus R, Komaki R, et al. Standard-dose versus high-dose conformal radiotherapy with concurrent and consolidation carboplatin plus paclitaxel with or without cetuximab for patients with stage IIIA or IIIB non-small-cell lung cancer (RTOG 0617): a randomised, two-by-two factorial phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:187-199.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4419359/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25601342?tool=bestpractice.com
美国食品药品监督管理局 (Food and Drug Administration, FDA) 已经批准将度伐鲁单抗 (durvalumab) 用于治疗以铂类药物为基础的化疗和放疗同时治疗后没有发生疾病进展的不可切除的 III 期 NSCLC 患者,该药物是一种人类单克隆抗体,以 PD-L1 为靶标。此批准以 PACIFIC 临床试验的数据为基础。[128]Antonia SJ, Villegas A, Daniel D, et al. Durvalumab after Chemoradiotherapy in Stage III Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017 Nov 16;377(20):1919-1929.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1709937http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28885881?tool=bestpractice.com 对于该适应证,不需要检测 PD-L1。
IIIB 期非小细胞肺癌
大多数 IIIB 期 NSCLC 患者不适合手术切除或联合放化疗,其治疗基本上与 IV 期疾病患者相同。
一小部分 IIIB 期癌症患者如果分期下降,则肿瘤有潜在可切除性,如果这类患者适合手术,应给予术前化疗和放疗 (60 - 66 Gy)。
许多化疗方案的选择比较复杂,需要由肿瘤科主任医师决定。推荐基于顺铂的化疗方案。有证据显示在更晚期的疾病患者中(不适合根治性治疗),接受培美曲塞和顺铂联合治疗的非鳞癌患者的结局优于接受该治疗的鳞状细胞癌患者,吉西他滨联合顺铂对后者更有效。[119]Scagliotti GV, Parikh P, von Pawel J, et al. Phase III study comparing cisplatin plus gemcitabine with cisplatin plus pemetrexed in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:3543-3551.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/21/3543.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18506025?tool=bestpractice.com
对于少数身体状况良好、病变可切除并且无对侧淋巴结转移的患者,应当在术前化疗后手术,最好由一位胸外科肿瘤医师进行。对于肺功能储备良好的患者,建议肺叶切除术或全肺切除术。[99]Ginsberg RJ, Rubinstein LV. Randomized trial of lobectomy versus limited resection for T1 N0 non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer Study Group. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995;60:615-622.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7677489?tool=bestpractice.com
如果术前未化疗,建议术后化疗。
Ⅲ 期(不适合根治性治疗)和 Ⅳ 期(转移性疾病) NSCLC
通常以姑息为目的治疗这些患者,具体应依据 NSCLC 的组织学亚型、分子基因分型和程序性死亡配体 1 (PD-L1) 状态。非鳞状细胞和某些鳞状细胞亚型 NSCLC 患者(例如,尤其是从不吸烟者)应在认证实验室接受肿瘤表皮生长因子受体 (epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR) 和间变性淋巴瘤激酶 (anaplastic lymphoma kinase, ALK) 检测。[129]Reck M, Popat S, Reinmuth N, et al. Metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC): ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2014;25:iii27-39.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/suppl_3/iii27.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25115305?tool=bestpractice.com[130]Leighl NB, Rekhtman N, Biermann WA. et al. Molecular testing for selection of patients with lung cancer for epidermal growth factor receptor and anaplastic lymphoma kinase tyrosine kinase inhibitors: American Society of Clinical Oncology endorsement of the College of American Pathologists/International Association for the study of lung cancer/association for molecular pathology guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:3673-3679.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/32/32/3673.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25311215?tool=bestpractice.com美国临床肿瘤学会 (American Society of Clinical Oncology, ASCO) 建议对所有晚期肺腺癌患者进行 ROS1 和 BRAF 检测,无论其临床特点如何。[131]Kalemkerian GP, Narula N, Kennedy EB, et al. Molecular Testing Guideline for the Selection of Patients With Lung Cancer for Treatment With Targeted Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: American Society of Clinical Oncology Endorsement of the College of American Pathologists/International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/Association for Molecular Pathology Clinical Practice Guideline Update. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Mar 20;36(9):911-919.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2017.76.7293http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29401004?tool=bestpractice.com
存在致敏 EGFR 突变的患者最好接受 EGFR 酪氨酸激酶抑制剂 (TKI) 而非全身性化疗,因为这种治疗可改善应答率、生活质量、无进展生存期和总生存期。[129]Reck M, Popat S, Reinmuth N, et al. Metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC): ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2014;25:iii27-39.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/suppl_3/iii27.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25115305?tool=bestpractice.com[132]Yang JC, Wu YL, Schuler M, et al. Afatinib versus cisplatin-based chemotherapy for EGFR mutation-positive lung adenocarcinoma (LUX-Lung 3 and LUX-Lung 6): analysis of overall survival data from two randomised, phase 3 trials. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:141-151.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589191?tool=bestpractice.com Examples include: afatinib, erlotinib, combination erlotinib plus bevacizumab, gefitinib, and osimertinib. [
]How do gefitinib and afatinib compare with other cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens for treatment of people with advanced epidermal growth factor receptor mutation non-small-cell lung cancer?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1893/full显示答案
只有一项针对两种 EGFR TKI(即吉非替尼和阿法替尼)的头对头比较研究显示,阿法替尼的疗效略优于吉非替尼,但以毒性更强为代价。[133]Park K, Tan EH, O'Byrne K, et al. Afatinib versus gefitinib as first-line treatment of patients with EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (LUX-Lung 7): a phase 2B, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17:577-589.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27083334?tool=bestpractice.com 不能等待 EGFR 分子分析结果的患者可能不得不开始化疗,但应转换为使用一种 EGFR 酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,将其作为一线维持治疗[129]Reck M, Popat S, Reinmuth N, et al. Metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC): ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2014;25:iii27-39.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/suppl_3/iii27.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25115305?tool=bestpractice.com[134]Cappuzzo F, Ciuleanu T, Stelmakh L, et al; SATURN Investigators. Erlotinib as maintenance treatment in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11:521-529.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20493771?tool=bestpractice.com (或者如果患者从化疗的获益差,应更早采用该方案),或者如有复发,用作二线治疗。[135]Rosell R, Moran T, Queralt C, et al; Spanish Lung Cancer Group. Screening for epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:958-967.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0904554#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19692684?tool=bestpractice.com 对于正在接受 EGFR TKI 治疗过程中病情发生进展,需要改为接受全身性治疗的患者,如果可行,应重新活检,并针对 EGFR 重新进行组织基因型分型。如果不可能进行活检,或者不可能根据活检标本进行基因分型或分型失败,循环肿瘤 DNA EGFR 检测是一种可行的替代方法。奥斯替尼 (osimertinib) 是第三代 EGFR 突变特异性 TKI,在发现获得性耐药突变 EGFR T790M 时适用;已证实它的有效性显著优于化疗。[136]Jänne PA, Yang JC, Kim DW, et al. AZD9291 in EGFR inhibitor-resistant non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1689-1699.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411817#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25923549?tool=bestpractice.com[137]Mok TS, Wu Y-L, Ahn M-J, et al. Osimertinib or platinum-pemetrexed in EGFR T790M-positive lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:629-640.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1612674#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27959700?tool=bestpractice.com 在未治疗的 IV 期 EGFR 突变型 NSCLC 患者中开展了一项双盲、3 期临床试验,结果表明,与标准 EGFR 治疗(吉非替尼或厄洛替尼)相比,将奥斯替尼作为一线治疗可使无进展生存期几乎翻倍。[138]Soria JC, Ohe Y, Vansteenkiste J, et al. Osimertinib in Untreated EGFR-Mutated Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jan 11;378(2):113-125.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29151359?tool=bestpractice.com 因而,奥斯替尼是另一种一线治疗选择。对于发生进展但无 T790M 突变的患者,通常给予一线化疗,一般使用铂类化合物加培美曲塞。对于正在考虑顺铂联合吉西他滨治疗、有 EGFR 突变和鳞细胞组织学的罕见患者,如果发现肿瘤表达 EGFR(通过免疫组化检查),一种替代选择为先联合使用耐昔妥珠单抗 (necitumumab),之后采用耐昔妥珠单抗 (necitumumab) 单药维持治疗。耐昔妥珠单抗 (necitumumab) 是第二代重组人类 IgG1 EGFR 抗体。
如果患者肿瘤为 ALK 阳性或有 ALK 融合的类型,则初始治疗选择包括阿雷替尼、[139]Peters S, Camidge DR, Shaw AT, et al. Alectinib versus Crizotinib in Untreated ALK-Positive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017 Aug 31;377(9):829-838.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1704795http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28586279?tool=bestpractice.com 克唑替尼[129]Reck M, Popat S, Reinmuth N, et al. Metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC): ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2014;25:iii27-39.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/suppl_3/iii27.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25115305?tool=bestpractice.com 或色瑞替尼。[140]Soria JC, Tan DSW, Chiari R, et al. First-line ceritinib versus platinum-based chemotherapy in advanced ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer (ASCEND-4): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2017;389:917-929.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28126333?tool=bestpractice.com 一项比较阿雷替尼与克唑替尼的 3 期临床试验显示,阿雷替尼在无进展生存期方面有显著益处,疾病进展或死亡的风险比为 0.47(95% 置信区间为 0.34 至 0.65;P<0.001)。[139]Peters S, Camidge DR, Shaw AT, et al. Alectinib versus Crizotinib in Untreated ALK-Positive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017 Aug 31;377(9):829-838.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1704795http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28586279?tool=bestpractice.com 阿雷替尼现在是首选的一线选择,因为其有优越的有效性,更好的毒性特征,并且能够更好地渗透到中枢神经系统。[141]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: non-small cell lung cancer. February 2018 [internet publication]https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx 一项比较克唑替尼与含铂双药化疗的随机 3 期临床试验 (PROFILE 1014) 显示,克唑替尼组患者的缓解率、生活质量和无进展生存期得到显著改善。[142]Solomon BJ, Mok T, Kim DW, et al; PROFILE 1014 Investigators. First-line crizotinib versus chemotherapy in ALK-positive lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:2167-2177.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1408440#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25470694?tool=bestpractice.com 一项比较色瑞替尼与含铂双药化疗的随机 3 期临床试验 (ASCEND-4) 显示,色瑞替尼组患者的缓解率、生活质量和无进展生存期得到显著改善。[140]Soria JC, Tan DSW, Chiari R, et al. First-line ceritinib versus platinum-based chemotherapy in advanced ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer (ASCEND-4): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2017;389:917-929.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28126333?tool=bestpractice.com 还有证据表明,色瑞替尼具有良好的颅内活性。色瑞替尼相对于化疗的有效性优于克唑替尼的相对有效性,但不良事件特征不同,色瑞替尼的 3 至 4 级不良事件发生率增加,主要是胃肠道事件。对于不能等待 ALK 检测结果、立即开始化疗的患者,随后可以使用各种不同的 ALK 抑制剂,包括阿雷替尼、克唑替尼和色瑞替尼。[141]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: non-small cell lung cancer. February 2018 [internet publication]https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
克唑替尼也可用于复发(二线)情况;在这种情况下,其疗效仍显著优于化疗,可改善缓解率、生活质量和无进展生存期。[143]Shaw AT, Kim DW, Nakagawa K, et al. Crizotinib versus chemotherapy in advanced ALK-positive lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:2385-2394.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1214886#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23724913?tool=bestpractice.com 对于接受一线克唑替尼治疗时发生进展或不能耐受克唑替尼且需改变全身性治疗的患者,可使用色瑞替尼、阿雷替尼或布加替尼 (brigatinib)。对于在色瑞替尼或阿雷替尼治疗后进展的患者,应纳入其他 ALK TKI 的临床试验,或者应当考虑一线化疗(通常为顺铂联合培美曲塞)。对于出现获得性克唑替尼耐药的患者,与化疗相比,色瑞替尼能显著改善患者颅内和颅外缓解率以及无进展生存期(ASCEND-5 试验)。[144]Shaw AT, Kim TM, Crinò L, et al. Ceritinib versus chemotherapy in patients with ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer previously given chemotherapy and crizotinib (ASCEND-5): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18:874-886.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28602779?tool=bestpractice.com 如果患者未接受过 ALK 抑制剂治疗,则可用作克唑替尼的替代药物(ASCEND-4 试验)。[140]Soria JC, Tan DSW, Chiari R, et al. First-line ceritinib versus platinum-based chemotherapy in advanced ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer (ASCEND-4): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2017;389:917-929.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28126333?tool=bestpractice.com[145]Kim DW, Mehra R, Tan DS, et al. Activity and safety of ceritinib in patients with ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer (ASCEND-1): updated results from the multicentre, open-label, phase 1 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17:452-463.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26973324?tool=bestpractice.com 在不能耐受克唑替尼或接受克唑替尼治疗时发生疾病进展的患者中,阿雷替尼是色瑞替尼的替代药物,它是另一种第二代 ALK 抑制剂,对于获得性一线克唑替尼耐药的患者,可显著改善颅内和颅外缓解率和无进展生存期。[146]Ou SH, Ahn JS, De Petris L, et al. Alectinib in crizotinib-refractory ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase II global study. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:661-668.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/34/7/661.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26598747?tool=bestpractice.com 最后,根据 ALTA 试验,布加替尼已经获得 FDA 的加速批准,用于治疗接受克唑替尼时发生疾病进展或不能耐受克唑替尼的患者。[147]Kim DW, Tiseo M, Ahn MJ, et al. Brigatinib in patients with crizotinib-refractory anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomized, multicenter phase II trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35:2490-2498.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28475456?tool=bestpractice.com
在证明有 ROS1 融合的患者中,建议使用克唑替尼治疗,最好在化疗前作为一线药物使用,因为 1 期队列扩展研究和 2 期研究证明该药可使放射学和症状方面出现显著的持久缓解。[148]Shaw AT, Ou SH, Bang YJ, et al. Crizotinib in ROS1-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1963-1971.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4264527/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25264305?tool=bestpractice.com
BRAF V600E 突变阳性的肿瘤患者应接受达拉非尼和曲美替尼联合治疗。对此,一项 1 期试验的队列扩展研究和一项 2 期试验已经表明,在这种基因型患者中有迅速持久的缓解,并且没有新的安全性问题,联合治疗的活性高于达拉非尼单药治疗。[149]Planchard D, Besse B, Groen HJM, et al. Dabrafenib plus trametinib in patients with previously treated BRAF(V600E)-mutant metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: an open-label, multicentre phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17:984-993.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4993103/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27283860?tool=bestpractice.com 达拉非尼是一种 BRAF 相关激酶(通过体细胞 BRAF V600E 突变从结构上激活)的强效酪氨酸激酶抑制剂。曲美替尼 (trametinib) 是丝裂原活化蛋白 (mitogen-activated protein, MAP) 激酶通路的强效酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,可抑制 MEK1 与 MEK2 激酶。综合考虑,达拉非尼和曲美替尼联合治疗具有协同作用。
在没有 ALK、EGFR、ROS1 或 BRAF 突变的患者中,PD-L1 状态有助于制定治疗决策。对于肿瘤 PD-L1 表达 ≥50% 并且没有免疫检查点抑制剂治疗临床禁忌证(例如对自身免疫性疾病的持续活性治疗)的患者,建议使用帕博利珠单抗单药治疗,因为 KEYNOTE-024 试验已经证明其在缓解率、无进展生存期和总生存期方面的效果优于含铂双药化疗。[65]Reck M, Rodríguez-Abreu D, Robinson AG, et al. Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for PD-L1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1823-1833.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1606774#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27718847?tool=bestpractice.com[150]Hanna N, Johnson D, Temin S, et al. Systemic therapy for stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Aug 14 [Epub ahead of print].http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2017.74.6065http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28806116?tool=bestpractice.com 在疾病进展时,根据组织学检查结果,对此类患者进行一线标准的含铂类双药化疗。
FDA 已经加速批准帕博利珠单抗加卡铂与培美曲塞化学-免疫疗法联合用药作为一线治疗用于无 EGFR 突变或 ALK 融合的 IV 期非鳞状疾病患者,无论 PD-L1 状态如何。此批准基于 KEYNOTE-021 试验中 G 组的结果,这是一项小型 2 期试验,证明了仅有无进展生存期方面的益处。[151]Langer CJ, Gadgeel SM, Borghaei H, et al. Carboplatin and pemetrexed with or without pembrolizumab for advanced, non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomised, phase 2 cohort of the open-label KEYNOTE-021 study. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17:1497-1508.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27745820?tool=bestpractice.com 确证性 KEYNOTE-189 试验证实了这种益处,即:与单独使用化疗相比,使用帕博利珠单抗联合卡铂和培美曲塞的死亡风险比为 0.49(95% 置信区间为 0.38 至 0.64;P<0.001)。[152]Gandhi L, Rodríguez-Abreu D, Gadgeel S,et al. Pembrolizumab plus Chemotherapy in Metastatic Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018 May 31;378(22):2078-2092.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29658856?tool=bestpractice.com 观察到所有 PD-L1 类药物均具有显著的生存期益处。因此,对于所有晚期非鳞癌疾病患者,无论 PD-L1 状态如何,均可以考虑将帕博利珠单抗添加到卡铂联合培美曲塞治疗。
对于 IV 期患者的一线用药,如果患者没有 EGFR 突变、ALK 融合、ROS1 融合或 BRAF 突变,并且 PD-L1 水平 <50%、东部肿瘤协作组 (ECOG) 体力状态为 0 至 2(卧床时间 <50%),[92]Oken MM, Creech RH, Tormey DC, et al. Toxicity and response criteria of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Am J Clin Oncol. 1982;5:649-655.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7165009?tool=bestpractice.com 应根据 NSCLC 组织学亚型给予化疗。对于鳞癌亚型 NSCLC,通常联合铂剂(例如顺铂、卡铂)和第三代细胞毒药物(例如吉西他滨、紫杉醇、多西他赛、长春瑞滨),这 4 种第三代细胞毒药物的相对疗效相似。[153]Schiller JH, Harrington D, Belani CP, et al; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Comparison of four chemotherapy regimens for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:92-98.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa011954#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11784875?tool=bestpractice.com 卡铂与结合白蛋白纳米粒子的紫杉醇联合使用可作为一种替代疗法。通常推荐使用 4 到 6 个周期基于铂类的治疗方案(一般包括 2 种药物)。一项 meta 分析显示,与使用 3 或 4 个周期相比,使用 6 个周期没有更多的生存率获益,所以两者均为有效的治疗选择。[154]Rossi A, Chiodini P, Sun JM, et al. Six versus fewer planned cycles of first-line platinum-based chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:1254-1262.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25232001?tool=bestpractice.com 对于非鳞癌(主要为腺癌),使用培美曲塞和顺铂联合化疗(长达 6 个周期)后的生存期优于使用不含培美曲塞的含铂双药疗法(例如顺铂联合吉西他滨)后。[119]Scagliotti GV, Parikh P, von Pawel J, et al. Phase III study comparing cisplatin plus gemcitabine with cisplatin plus pemetrexed in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:3543-3551.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/21/3543.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18506025?tool=bestpractice.com[155]Pilkington G, Boland A, Brown T, et al. A systematic review of the clinical effectiveness of first-line chemotherapy for adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Thorax. 2015;70:359-367.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25661113?tool=bestpractice.com 由于可改善总生存期和生活质量,在 4 个周期含铂双药化疗后,可能应首选培美曲塞维持化疗。[129]Reck M, Popat S, Reinmuth N, et al. Metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC): ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2014;25:iii27-39.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/suppl_3/iii27.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25115305?tool=bestpractice.com[156]Ciuleanu T, Brodowicz T, Zielinski C, et al. Maintenance pemetrexed plus best supportive care versus placebo plus best supportive care for non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2009;374:1432-1440.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19767093?tool=bestpractice.com[157]Paz-Ares L, de Marinis F, Dediu M, et al. Maintenance therapy with pemetrexed plus best supportive care versus placebo plus best supportive care after induction therapy with pemetrexed plus cisplatin for advanced non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (PARAMOUNT): a double-blind, phase 3, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:247-255.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22341744?tool=bestpractice.com 一种替代方案是含铂双药化疗联合或不联合抗血管生成单克隆抗体贝伐珠单抗维持化疗。[158]Sandler A, Gray R, Perry MC, et al. Paclitaxel-carboplatin alone or with bevacizumab for non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2542-2550.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17167137?tool=bestpractice.com[129]Reck M, Popat S, Reinmuth N, et al. Metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC): ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2014;25:iii27-39.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/suppl_3/iii27.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25115305?tool=bestpractice.com
放疗通常可以有效地减轻晚期胸内疾病的症状(例如,咯血、胸痛、呼吸短促)以及有症状的转移灶症状(例如,骨和脑转移)。
One study has demonstrated that high-quality palliative care, instituted from shortly after the time of diagnosis in parallel to standard care, can lead to improvements in both quality of life [
]How does early palliative care compare with standard oncological care in adults with advanced cancer?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1838/full显示答案
和生存期(晚期疾病患者)。[97]Temel JS, Greer JA, Muzikansky A, et al. Early palliative care for patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:733-742.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1000678#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20818875?tool=bestpractice.com
ECOG 体力状态评分为 3 到 4 的患者(卧床时间>50%)应接受最佳支持性治疗,除非已知他们有激活的 EGFR 突变或 ALK 融合,如果有,可考虑这种治疗。[159]Inoue A, Kobayashi K, Usui K,et al; North East Japan Gefitinib Study Group. First-line gefitinib for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer harboring epidermal growth factor receptor mutations without indication for chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:1394-1400.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/27/9/1394.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19224850?tool=bestpractice.com
复发
在确定性(根治性)肺癌治疗后复发通常预示预后差,复发治疗目的通常为姑息治疗,延长寿命,并最大程度降低毒性。对于复发的患者,应根据新发表现进行评估,如果根据分期和共病,可能进行根治性治疗,则给予根治性治疗。如果确定性(根治性)治疗后出现复发,且患者疾病无法根治(例如 IIIB 期或 IV 期疾病)或存在阻碍根治性治疗的共病,应按照 IV 期(转移性)NSCLC 予以姑息治疗。
对于接受 NSCLC 一线姑息性全身治疗失败后复发且不属于癌基因成瘾 NSCLC(存在 EGFR 或 BRAF 突变、ALK 或 ROS1 融合的 NSCLC)的患者,细胞毒性化疗的活性很小,但优于最佳支持性治疗,适用于体力状态良好 (ECOG PS 0-1) 的患者。[129]Reck M, Popat S, Reinmuth N, et al. Metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC): ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2014;25:iii27-39.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/suppl_3/iii27.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25115305?tool=bestpractice.com 现已证实,对于腺癌,在标准多西他赛化疗基础上加入尼达尼布(nintedanib,一种三重血管激酶 TKI)可有大约 2 个月的生存获益,在含铂双药化疗后迅速进展或复发的患者中,生存获益可能更长。[160]Reck M, Kaiser R, Mellemgaard A, et al; LUME-Lung 1 Study Group. Docetaxel plus nintedanib versus docetaxel plus placebo in patients with previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer (LUME-Lung 1): a phase 3, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:143-155.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24411639?tool=bestpractice.com 与之相似,现已证实对于 NSCLC 患者,将 VEGFR-R2 靶向单克隆抗体雷莫芦单抗 (ramucirumab) 与多西他赛联合有 1.4 个月的生存获益,且不受组织学亚型的影响。[161]Garon EB, Ciuleanu TE, Arrieta O, et al. Ramucirumab plus docetaxel versus placebo plus docetaxel for second-line treatment of stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer after disease progression on platinum-based therapy (REVEL): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2014;384:665-673.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24933332?tool=bestpractice.com 对于不适合多西他赛或在多西他赛治疗后进展的患者,可考虑厄洛替尼单药治疗,因为厄洛替尼优于单独使用最佳支持性治疗。[162]Shepherd FA, Rodrigues Pereira J, Ciuleanu T, et al. Erlotinib in previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:123-132.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa050753#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16014882?tool=bestpractice.com
现在已确定免疫检查点抑制剂为复发性 NSCLC 最有效的一类药物,已经成为一线治疗情况下的标准治疗。如果在一线治疗情况下没有给药,它们仍是复发情况下的一种选择。在复发情况下,免疫检查点抑制剂目前作为单药治疗给药。由于这些药物的作用机制,在一小组患者中观察到了长期控制,因此,绝对中位生存期获益不是组间比较的好指标,而死亡风险比是观察到的生存获益的更好指标。CHECKMATE 017 试验[163]Brahmer J, Reckamp KL, Baas P, et al. Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced squamous-cell non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:123-135.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4681400/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26028407?tool=bestpractice.com 表明,对于鳞癌亚型的 NSCLC,相对于多西他赛单药治疗,尼沃鲁单抗的相对生存获益为 41%。获益与肿瘤的 PD-L1 表达水平无关。CHECKMATE 057 试验[164]Borghaei H, Paz-Ares L, Horn L, et al. Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:1627-1639.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26412456?tool=bestpractice.com 表明,对于非鳞癌 NSCLC,相对于多西他赛单药治疗,尼沃鲁单抗的生存期获益为 27%,获益幅度随着 PD-L1 表达程度而提高。尼沃鲁单抗的上市许可未限制 PD-L1 状态。帕博利珠单抗是另一种免疫检查点抑制剂。已批准此药用于复发性 NSCLC(任何组织学类型),在 PD-L1 表达水平高 (≥50%) 和任意表达水平 (≥1%) 的肿瘤患者中,与多西他赛单药治疗相比,其相对生存获益分别高出 46% 和 29%。[165]Herbst RS, Baas P, Kim DW, et al. Pembrolizumab versus docetaxel for previously treated, PD-L1-positive, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (KEYNOTE-010): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;387:1540-1550.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26712084?tool=bestpractice.com 已经获批的第三种免疫检查点抑制剂是阿特珠单抗 (atezolizumab)。这是一种 PD-L1 抑制剂。在 OAK 试验中,使用阿特珠单抗的总生存期较使用多西他赛单药疗法相对改善 26%,不良事件远远少于多西他赛。无论 PD-L1 状态如何,都观察到高度活性,因此许可未限制 PD-L1 状态。[166]Rittmeyer A, Barlesi F, Waterkamp D, et al. Atezolizumab versus docetaxel in patients with previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer (OAK): a phase 3, open-label, multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2017;389:255-265.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27979383?tool=bestpractice.com
免疫检查点抑制剂疗法几乎可用于所有转移性 NSCLC 患者,随着这一疗法的出现,识别和管理免疫介导毒性非常重要。目前已发布了两份重要指南作为协助:一份来自 ASCO,[167]Brahmer JR, Lacchetti C, Schneider BJ, et al. Management of Immune-Related Adverse Events in Patients Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Feb 14:JCO2017776385. [Epub ahead of print]http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2017.77.6385http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29442540?tool=bestpractice.com另一份来自 ESMO。[168]Haanen JBAG, Carbonnel F, Robert C, et al. Management of toxicities from immunotherapy: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2017 Jul 1;28(suppl_4):iv119-iv142.https://academic.oup.com/annonc/article/28/suppl_4/iv119/3958159http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28881921?tool=bestpractice.com
采用 Seldinger 技术插入肋间引流管的动画演示
插入肋间引流管:开放技术的动画演示