诊断包括 2 个方面:MH 急性发作的识别,以及具有 MH 易感性患者的识别。MH 易感性是一种亚临床状态,一些患者在热环境中锻炼会感觉不舒适,有些患者可能主诉有肌肉痉挛症状。[11]Groom L, Muldoon SM, Tang ZZ, et al. Identical de novo mutation in the type 1 ryanodine receptor gene associated with fatal, stress-induced malignant hyperthermia in two unrelated families. Anesthesiology. 2011;115:938-945.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21918424?tool=bestpractice.com
对 MH 易感性人群进行肌肉挛缩试验和/或基因筛查是为受 MH 影响的家庭提供的基本健康维护的一部分。基因检测和肌肉挛缩试验结果可能会不一致。[47]Smith JP, Sutcliffe OB, Banks CE. An overview of recent developments in the analytical detection of new psychoactive substances (NPSs). Analyst. 2015;140:4932-4948.http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2015/an/c5an00797fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26031385?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Rosenberg H, Pollock N, Schiemann A, et al. Malignant hyperthermia: a review. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2015;10:93.http://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-015-0310-1http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26238698?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Robinson RL, Anetseder MJ, Brancadoro V, et al. Recent advances in the diagnosis of malignant hyperthermia susceptibility: how confident can we be of genetic testing? Eur J Human Genet. 2003;11:342-348.http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v11/n4/pdf/5200964a.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12700608?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Breucking E, Reimnitz P, Schara U, et al. Anesthetic complications. The incidence of severe anesthetic complications in patients and families with progressive muscular dystrophy of the Duchenne and Becker types. Anesthetist. 2000;49:187-195.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10788987?tool=bestpractice.com应根据肌肉挛缩试验的结果作出诊断。然而,如果发现了致病性遗传学变异,应当诊断为恶性高热易感性,不需要肌肉挛缩试验。[51]Hopkins PM, Rüffert H, Snoeck MM, et al. European Malignant Hyperthermia Group guidelines for investigation of malignant hyperthermia susceptibility. Br J Anaesth. 2015;115:531-539.https://emhg.org/fileadmin/EMHG/redaktion/PDF/2015_web_version_01.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26188342?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: MH 易感性的检查诊断路径。IVCT:体外肌肉挛缩试验;MH:恶性高热;MHN:当所有挛缩试验为阴性时使用的分类;MHShc、MHSh 和 MHSc:分别是对氟烷和咖啡因的挛缩应答异常、只对氟烷的应答异常或只对咖啡因应答异常时使用的分类。* 应当邀请患者参与关于恶性高热遗传学基础的探索性研究Hopkins PM et al. Br J Anaesth.2015;115:531-539.经允许使用 [Citation ends].
主要风险因素包括暴露于强效吸入麻醉剂和/或氯化琥珀酰胆碱(琥珀胆碱)、易患 MH、MH 发作史和有阳性家族史。
MH 急性发作的识别
MH 通常在术中发生,一般较少在术后发生。急性发作的识别是依赖于适当的术中和术后监测:
每分钟通气量、呼出的二氧化碳和氧气浓度应记录在案。MH 患者每分钟通气量和二氧化碳生产会增加。氧的消耗也会增加。
在麻醉的全过程都应该监测核心温度。在 MH 中,可以观察到核心温度的明显升高(>40°C[>104°F])。[52]Larach MG, Brandom BW, Allen GC, et al. Malignant hyperthermia deaths related to inadequate temperature monitoring, 2007-2012: a report from the North American malignant hyperthermia registry of the malignant hyperthermia association of the United States. Anesth Analg. 2014;119:1359-1366.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25268394?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Shafer SL, Dexter F, Brull SJ. Deadly heat: economics of continuous temperature monitoring during general anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2014;119:1235-1237.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25405681?tool=bestpractice.com强调在每位接受麻醉药的患者中进行体温监测,尤其是有可能发生体温改变时。从 2007 年至 2012 年,MH 导致的死亡增加被认为可能与体温监测不充分和不准确相关。[53]Shafer SL, Dexter F, Brull SJ. Deadly heat: economics of continuous temperature monitoring during general anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2014;119:1235-1237.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25405681?tool=bestpractice.com
应注意肌张力和神经肌肉阻滞程度。咬肌强直可能是 MH 发作的早期征兆。[5]Larach MG, Gronert GA, Allen GC, et al. Clinical presentation, treatment, and complications of malignant hyperthermia in North America from 1987 to 2006. Anesth Analg. 2010;110:498-507.http://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2010&issue=02000&article=00039&type=Fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20081135?tool=bestpractice.com
如一份儿科患者综述所描述,在怀疑急性 MH 发作时,还应考虑到患者的身体状态和年龄,该综述结果发现,对于不同年龄组的患儿,MH 急性发作的临床特征不同。[54]Nelson P, Litman RS. Malignant hyperthermia in children: an analysis of the North American malignant hyperthermia registry. Anesth Analg. 2014;118:369-374.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24299931?tool=bestpractice.com年龄较小的患儿出现乳酸酸中毒的可能性更大,而年龄较大的患儿表现为出更高的体温和血钾水平。
如果怀疑出现 MH,应停止吸入麻醉。并抽静脉血监测静脉血气和血清电解质,尤其是血钾。如果可能的话,应从中心静脉导管中采血。提示 MH 的结果包括 pCO2>55 mmHg、pH<7.25、剩余碱多于-8mEq/L 和血钾>6 mmol/L (6mEq/L)。[55]Larach MG, Localio AR, Allen GC, et al. A clinical grading scale to predict MH susceptibility. Anesthesiology. 1994;80:771-779.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8024130?tool=bestpractice.com
如果清除吸入麻醉剂后的高碳酸血症、心动过速以及肌强直减轻,应给予丹曲林试验性治疗,并将患者降温至正常体温;这些表现支持患者出现 MH 发作。但是,丹曲林也能降低非 MH 易感患者的新陈代谢、体温、心率,改善酸中毒,所以这种反应不能确诊。
极少数情况下,MH 可以在没有接触麻醉剂时仍被触发。诱因包括剧烈体育运动、[7]Tobin JR, Jason DR, Challa VR, et al. Malignant hyperthermia and apparent heat stroke. JAMA. 2001;286:168-169.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11448278?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Parness J. Hot on the trail of "I know it when I see it!". Anesth Analg. 2014;118;243-246.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24445622?tool=bestpractice.com运动导致的横纹肌溶解症、[10]Davis M, Brown R, Dickson A, et al. Malignant hyperthermia associated with exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis or congenital abnormalities and a novel RYR1 mutation in New Zealand and Australian pedigrees. Br J Anaesth. 2002;88:508-515.http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/content/88/4/508.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12066726?tool=bestpractice.com发热疾病[12]Brown RL, Pollock AN, Couchman KG, et al. A novel ryanodine receptor mutation and genotype-phenotype correlation in a large malignant hyperthermia New Zealand Maori pedigree. Hum Mol Genet. 2000;9:1515-1524.http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/content/9/10/1515.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10888602?tool=bestpractice.com或反复发作的热相关疾病。患者表现为自发的严重的肌强直。[6]Rosenberg H, Pollock N, Schiemann A, et al. Malignant hyperthermia: a review. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2015;10:93.http://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-015-0310-1http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26238698?tool=bestpractice.com在鉴别诊断中,肌强直患者有以上任何 1 个触发因素都应考虑 MH。[11]Groom L, Muldoon SM, Tang ZZ, et al. Identical de novo mutation in the type 1 ryanodine receptor gene associated with fatal, stress-induced malignant hyperthermia in two unrelated families. Anesthesiology. 2011;115:938-945.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21918424?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Sagui E, Montigon C, Abriat A, et al. Is there a link between exertional heat stroke and susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia? PLoS One. 2015;10:e0135496.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4530942/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26258863?tool=bestpractice.com
应当进行确证性检查,例如基因检测或肌肉挛缩试验,以便确诊。如果临床证据强烈支持 MH 诊断,但禁用肌肉挛缩试验(例如患者体重<20 kg),则基因检测优于肌肉挛缩试验。[51]Hopkins PM, Rüffert H, Snoeck MM, et al. European Malignant Hyperthermia Group guidelines for investigation of malignant hyperthermia susceptibility. Br J Anaesth. 2015;115:531-539.https://emhg.org/fileadmin/EMHG/redaktion/PDF/2015_web_version_01.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26188342?tool=bestpractice.com在这些患者中,可能在 RYR1、CACNA1S 或 STAC3 基因位点(一种骨骼肌特异性 T 小管蛋白,参与钙调节)发现已知的 MH 致病性突变。文献中正在报告更多的突变。
排除其他疾病
大部分的 MH 的体征都是非特异性的,因此排除其他的诊断非常重要。如果通气参数和常规血液测试的结果是正常的,麻醉并发症是不太可能是由于 MH 引起,而应考虑其他原因。最重要用于排除的诊断取决于所指出的异常。
如果存在高碳酸血症,可以考虑:
通气系统的病变(气道泄露,瓣膜缺损)
呼吸系统的病变(上呼吸道梗阻、肺僵硬、膈肌抬高、肺回缩受限、黏液栓)
使用了增加呼吸暂停阈值的药物(毒麻药、镇静剂和麻醉剂)
腹腔镜传输二氧化碳
因其他内科疾病导致的新陈代谢增加(脓毒症、兴奋剂、戒断症状、过敏和内分泌失调)。
如果存在发热,[56]Herlich A. Perioperative temperature elevation: not all hyperthermia is malignant hyperthermia. Paediatr Anaesth. 2013;23:842-850.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23890328?tool=bestpractice.com考虑:
医源性过热
由于封闭疗法、高湿度和温度或者血管收缩而导致的无法散热
使体温调定点升高的疾病
最近使用违禁或蓄意致瘾药,也称为“新型精神活性药物”。这些药物能够改变神经递质水平,导致活动过度,引起体温升高。[47]Smith JP, Sutcliffe OB, Banks CE. An overview of recent developments in the analytical detection of new psychoactive substances (NPSs). Analyst. 2015;140:4932-4948.http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2015/an/c5an00797fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26031385?tool=bestpractice.com
如果肌肉损伤的证据存在(包括高钾),可以考虑:
监测并发症
横纹肌溶解
尿液分析和尿肌红蛋白:应作为对所有患者的一个最初的测试来检测横纹肌溶解症。如果血液试纸的结果呈阳性,再进行尿显微镜及化学分析以区分红细胞、肌红蛋白和血红蛋白。
在急性发作期间,应该监测尿量。尿量减少伴随着肌红蛋白血症表明即将发生肾功能衰竭。
MH 发作时及之后每天都应测试肌酸激酶,直到测试结果正常。如果肌酸激酶显著升高,而代谢升高的征象极小,则应考虑结构性肌病,如抗肌萎缩蛋白症,或者酶缺陷,如 CPT 缺乏症。[36]Hirshey Dirksen SJ, Larach MG, Rosenberg H, et al. Future directions in malignant hyperthermia research and patient care. Anesth Analg. 2011;113:1108-1119.http://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/Fulltext/2011/11000/Future_Directions_in_Malignant_Hyperthermia.28.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21709147?tool=bestpractice.com
肾功能衰竭
凝血
肌肉挛缩测试
对疑似最近 MH 发作的患者都应该进行。这是一项体外测试,必须在由活检取得的新鲜肌肉上进行。患者必须已经从 MH 的发作中恢复,这样此测试才是有效的。患者必须到进行肌肉测试的实验室。肌肉活检及挛缩试验必须像所有门诊手术一样进行规划。对于 MH 易感性肌肉,新鲜肌肉样本在给予大剂量氟烷或暴露于递增剂量的咖啡因时,如果对刺激产生特征性的机械反应则有诊断价值。[57]Metterlein T, Schuster F, Kranke P, et al. In-vitro contracture testing for susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia: can halothane be replaced? Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2011;28:251-255.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20827211?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 正常肌肉和易感染 MH(阳性)的肌肉对含有 3%氟烷物体的直接刺激作出的机械反应出自 Sheila Muldoon 医生的作品集 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 正常肌肉和易感染 MH(阳性)的肌肉对咖啡因暴露增加的直接刺激作出的机械反应出自 Sheila Muldoon 医生的作品集 [Citation ends].
咖啡因氟烷挛缩试验 (CHCT) 和体外挛缩试验 (IVCT) 是所用的标准化生物检测法。[58]Islander G, Twetman ER. Comparison between the European and North American protocols for diagnosis of malignant hyperthermia susceptibility in humans. Anesth Analg. 1999;88:1155-1160.http://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/Fulltext/1999/05000/Comparison_Between_the_European_and_North_American.35.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320187?tool=bestpractice.com这些试验非常敏感,而且是唯一能够明确地排除 MH 诊断或易患 MH 诊断的试验检查。通过阈值增加已经将试验中的特异性的反应量化。诊断标准根据所采用的检测而有所不同:
CHCT:对于咖啡因或氟烷任意一个刺激出现挛缩阈增加的患者应考虑是 MH 易感人群。
IVCT:对咖啡因和氟烷两种药物或任意一种药物刺激表现出挛缩阈增加的患者诊断为 MH 易感。[51]Hopkins PM, Rüffert H, Snoeck MM, et al. European Malignant Hyperthermia Group guidelines for investigation of malignant hyperthermia susceptibility. Br J Anaesth. 2015;115:531-539.https://emhg.org/fileadmin/EMHG/redaktion/PDF/2015_web_version_01.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26188342?tool=bestpractice.com
这两种挛缩试验的阳性和阴性预测值取决于患者对 MH 易感的先验概率,这个概率是根据对个人和家族麻醉药和病史的全面回顾性分析而确定。[6]Rosenberg H, Pollock N, Schiemann A, et al. Malignant hyperthermia: a review. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2015;10:93.http://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-015-0310-1http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26238698?tool=bestpractice.com
这些检测需要进行小手术,必须在 MH 检测中心进行,目前全球已有很多检测中心。The European Malignant Hyperthermia GroupMalignant Hyperthermia Association of the United States在儿科人群中,这些检测还没有标准化。由于检测需要一大块肌肉,因此不适合用于儿童。
基因检测
经肌肉挛缩试验诊断为易感 MH 的个人应进行基因检测。如果怀疑死因是 MH,基因检测应作为尸检的一部分。[22]Gillies RL, Bjorksten AR, Du Sart D, et al. Analysis of the entire ryanodine receptor type 1 and alpha 1 subunit of the dihydropyridine receptor (CACNA1S) coding regions for variants associated with malignant hyperthermia in Australian families. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2015;43:157-166.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25735680?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Stowell KM. DNA testing for malignant hyperthermia: the reality and the dream. Anesth Analg. 2014;118:397-406.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24445638?tool=bestpractice.com
兰尼碱受体基因 1 型 (RYR1) 基因突变已在欧洲,北美和日本的 MH 易感人群中发现。在南美,南非,澳大利亚,新西兰,韩国和中国,RYR1 突变也在出现过 MH 并有成员因其死亡的家庭中发现。然而,RYR1 突变只占 MH 病例的 60% 至 70%。[60]Lanner JT. Ryanodine receptor physiology and its role in disease. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2012;740:217-234.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22453944?tool=bestpractice.com
在某些家族中,CACNA1S 基因突变可能影响 MH 易感性,但这在 MH 病例中尚不到 1%。[22]Gillies RL, Bjorksten AR, Du Sart D, et al. Analysis of the entire ryanodine receptor type 1 and alpha 1 subunit of the dihydropyridine receptor (CACNA1S) coding regions for variants associated with malignant hyperthermia in Australian families. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2015;43:157-166.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25735680?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Rosenberg H, Pollock N, Schiemann A, et al. Malignant hyperthermia: a review. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2015;10:93.http://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-015-0310-1http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26238698?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Robinson RL, Curran JL, Ellis FR, et al. Multiple interacting gene products may influence susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia. Ann Hum Genet. 2000;64:307-320.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11415515?tool=bestpractice.com还发现了复杂杂合子。[16]Monnier N, Krivosic-Horber R, Payen JF, et al. Presence of two different genetic traits in malignant hyperthermia families: implications for genetics analysis, diagnosis, and incidence of malignant hyperthermia susceptibility. Anesthesiology. 2002;97:1067-1074.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12411788?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Ibarra MCA, Wu S, Murayama K, et al. Malignant hyperthermia in Japan: mutation screening of the entire ryanodine receptor type 1 gene coding region by direct sequencing. Anesthesiology. 2006;104:1146-1154.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16732084?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Brandom BW, Bina S, Wong CA, et al. Ryanodine receptor type 1 gene variants in the malignant hyperthermia-susceptible population of the United States. Anesth Analg. 2013;116:1078-1086.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3633164/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23558838?tool=bestpractice.com
许多家庭都有 RYR1 新的突变。[10]Davis M, Brown R, Dickson A, et al. Malignant hyperthermia associated with exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis or congenital abnormalities and a novel RYR1 mutation in New Zealand and Australian pedigrees. Br J Anaesth. 2002;88:508-515.http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/content/88/4/508.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12066726?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Brown RL, Pollock AN, Couchman KG, et al. A novel ryanodine receptor mutation and genotype-phenotype correlation in a large malignant hyperthermia New Zealand Maori pedigree. Hum Mol Genet. 2000;9:1515-1524.http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/content/9/10/1515.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10888602?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Chamley D, Pollock NA, Stowell KM, et al. Malignant hyperthermia in infancy and identification of novel RYR1 mutation. Br J Anaesth. 2000;84:500-504.http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/content/84/4/500.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10823104?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Ibarra MCA, Wu S, Murayama K, et al. Malignant hyperthermia in Japan: mutation screening of the entire ryanodine receptor type 1 gene coding region by direct sequencing. Anesthesiology. 2006;104:1146-1154.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16732084?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Brandom BW, Bina S, Wong CA, et al. Ryanodine receptor type 1 gene variants in the malignant hyperthermia-susceptible population of the United States. Anesth Analg. 2013;116:1078-1086.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3633164/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23558838?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Sambuughin N, Holley H, Muldoon S, et al. Screening of the entire ryanodine receptor type 1 coding region for sequence variants associated with malignant hyperthermia susceptibility in the North American population. Anesthesiology. 2005;102:515-521.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15731587?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Levano S, Vukcevic M, Singer M, et al. Increasing the number of diagnostic mutations in malignant hyperthermia. Human Mutat. 2009;30:590-598.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19191329?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Schiemann AH, Paul N, Parker R, et al. Functional characterization of 2 known ryanodine receptor mutations causing malignant hyperthermia. Anesth Analg. 2014;118:375-380.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24361844?tool=bestpractice.com目前怀疑这些会引发 MH,但没有得到生物学确认。[31]Brislin RP, Theroux MC. Core myopathies and malignant hyperthermia susceptibility: a review. Paediatr Anaesth. 2013;23:834-841.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23617272?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Kaufmann A, Kraft B, Michalek-Sauberer A, et al. Novel double and single ryanodine receptor 1 variants in two Austrian malignant hyperthermia families. Anesth Analg. 2012;114:1017-1025.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22415532?tool=bestpractice.com鉴于易患恶性高热 (MHS) 个体可变的外显率和患病率,新基因技术,比如外显子组测序,确定了未被怀疑的家庭为 MHS。[19]Gonsalves SG, Ng D, Johnston JJ, et al; NISC Comparative Sequencing Program. Using exome data to identify malignant hyperthermia susceptibility mutations. Anesthesiology. 2013;119:1043-1053.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4077354/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24195946?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Klingler W, Heiderich S, Girard T, et al. Functional and genetic characterization of clinical malignant hyperthermia crises: a multi-centre study. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2014;9:8.http://www.ojrd.com/content/9/1/8http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24433488?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Stowell KM. DNA testing for malignant hyperthermia: the reality and the dream. Anesth Analg. 2014;118:397-406.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24445638?tool=bestpractice.com
遗传咨询适用于所有存在疑似导致 MH 易感性增加的突变(包括意义未知的突变)的患者。[9]Parness J. Hot on the trail of "I know it when I see it!". Anesth Analg. 2014;118;243-246.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24445622?tool=bestpractice.com
基因检测在一个专业性中心进行。[64]Urwyler A, Deufel T, McCarthy T, et al, and the European Malignant Hyperthermia Group. Guidelines for molecular genetic detection of malignant hyperthermia susceptibility. Br J Anaesth. 2001;86:283-287.http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/content/86/2/283.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11573677?tool=bestpractice.comThe European Malignant Hyperthermia GroupMalignant Hyperthermia Association of the United States
一级亲属的筛查
如果患者被诊断为 MH 易感,一旦患者的评估完成,一级亲属应进行筛选。[22]Gillies RL, Bjorksten AR, Du Sart D, et al. Analysis of the entire ryanodine receptor type 1 and alpha 1 subunit of the dihydropyridine receptor (CACNA1S) coding regions for variants associated with malignant hyperthermia in Australian families. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2015;43:157-166.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25735680?tool=bestpractice.com如果患者有可识别的突变,对一级亲属基因研究可集中于特定外显子。
如果在一级亲属中确定了一个基因突变,这一位一级亲属也应诊断为易患 MH,且不要求进行肌肉挛缩试验。如果没有发现基因突变,需要进行肌肉挛缩试验以明确排除诊断。[65]Girard T, Treves S, Voronkov E, et al. Molecular genetic testing for malignant hyperthermia susceptibility. Anesthesiology. 2004;100:1076-1080.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15114203?tool=bestpractice.com
肌酶缺陷检测
MH 通常与肌酸激酶增加相关,一些 MH 易感患者会有慢性升高。如果患者出现近期肌酸激酶升高>5 倍正常值,应调查与横纹肌溶解相关的肌酶缺陷。运动不耐受检验包括针对这些缺陷的检测,包括肉碱棕榈酰转移酶 2 (CPT2) 缺乏症、肌磷酸化酶缺乏症和肌腺苷酸脱胺酶缺乏症。Robert Guthrie Biochemical and Molecular Genetics Laboratory