1962 年首次报告了麻醉期间发生 MH。[27]Denborough MA, Forster JF, Lovell RR, et al. Anaesthetic deaths in a family. Br J Anaesth. 1962;34:395-396.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13885389?tool=bestpractice.com据信,MH 易感个体的肌肉性能表现和对热的敏感度可能有所不同。易患 MH 是以高度可变的外显性常染色体显性模式进行遗传。鉴于此,有阳性家族史大大增加了个体发生 MH 的风险。MH 易感性是亚临床表现,MH 本身是由恶化因素所触发。[9]Parness J. Hot on the trail of "I know it when I see it!". Anesth Analg. 2014;118;243-246.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24445622?tool=bestpractice.com
最常见的触发因素是暴露于强效吸入麻醉剂。[5]Larach MG, Gronert GA, Allen GC, et al. Clinical presentation, treatment, and complications of malignant hyperthermia in North America from 1987 to 2006. Anesth Analg. 2010;110:498-507.http://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2010&issue=02000&article=00039&type=Fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20081135?tool=bestpractice.com任何强效吸入麻醉剂都可能引发 MH,包括新药地氟醚和七氟醚。[1]Hopkins PM. Malignant hyperthermia: pharmacology of triggering. Br J Anaesth. 2011;107:48-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21624965?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Migita T, Mukaida K, Kobayashi M, et al. The severity of sevoflurane-induced malignant hyperthermia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2012;56:351-356.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22092278?tool=bestpractice.com琥珀胆碱可能加剧了麻醉药的药效,而有时候它本身也可以触发 MH。[4]Riazi S, Larach MG, Hu C, et al. Malignant hyperthermia in Canada: characteristics of index anesthetics in 129 malignant hyperthermia susceptible probands. Anesth Analg. 2014;118:381-387.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23842196?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Larach MG, Gronert GA, Allen GC, et al. Clinical presentation, treatment, and complications of malignant hyperthermia in North America from 1987 to 2006. Anesth Analg. 2010;110:498-507.http://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2010&issue=02000&article=00039&type=Fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20081135?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Ording H. Incidence of malignant hyperthermia in Denmark. Anesth Analg. 1985;64:700-707.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4014731?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Visoiu M, Young MC, Wieland K, et al. Anesthetic drugs and onset of malignant hyperthermia. Anesth Analg. 2014;118:388-396.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24445637?tool=bestpractice.com少见的触发因素包括剧烈体育运动、[7]Tobin JR, Jason DR, Challa VR, et al. Malignant hyperthermia and apparent heat stroke. JAMA. 2001;286:168-169.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11448278?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Groom L, Muldoon SM, Tang ZZ, et al. Identical de novo mutation in the type 1 ryanodine receptor gene associated with fatal, stress-induced malignant hyperthermia in two unrelated families. Anesthesiology. 2011;115:938-945.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21918424?tool=bestpractice.com运动导致的横纹肌溶解症、[10]Davis M, Brown R, Dickson A, et al. Malignant hyperthermia associated with exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis or congenital abnormalities and a novel RYR1 mutation in New Zealand and Australian pedigrees. Br J Anaesth. 2002;88:508-515.http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/content/88/4/508.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12066726?tool=bestpractice.com发热疾病[12]Brown RL, Pollock AN, Couchman KG, et al. A novel ryanodine receptor mutation and genotype-phenotype correlation in a large malignant hyperthermia New Zealand Maori pedigree. Hum Mol Genet. 2000;9:1515-1524.http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/content/9/10/1515.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10888602?tool=bestpractice.com或反复发作的热相关疾病。非麻醉药触发 MH 发作的病例报告[8]Lavezzi WA, Capacchione JF, Muldoon SM, et al. Case report: death in the emergency department: an unrecognized awake malignant hyperthermia-like reaction in a six-year-old. Anesth Analg. 2013;116:420-423.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23267001?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Brandom BW, Muldoon SM. Unexpected MH deaths without exposure to inhalation anesthetics in pediatric patients. Paediatr Anaesth. 2013;23:851-854.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23848295?tool=bestpractice.com激发了对运动诱发的横纹肌溶解症、压力诱发的恶性高热和恶性高热易感性之间联系的研究兴趣。[29]Carsana A. Exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis and stress-induced malignant hyperthermia events, association with malignant hyperthermia susceptibility, and RYR1 gene sequence variations. ScientificWorldJournal. 2013;2013:531465.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2013/531465/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23476141?tool=bestpractice.comRYR1 分子基因序列变异的计算分析表明一些 RYR1 序列的变异与这三个表现类型有关。这些表型之间的共同特点强调,这些患者进行 RYR1 变体筛查对确定可能的恶性高热易感性的重要性。[18]Brandom BW, Bina S, Wong CA, et al. Ryanodine receptor type 1 gene variants in the malignant hyperthermia-susceptible population of the United States. Anesth Analg. 2013;116:1078-1086.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3633164/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23558838?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Carsana A. Exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis and stress-induced malignant hyperthermia events, association with malignant hyperthermia susceptibility, and RYR1 gene sequence variations. ScientificWorldJournal. 2013;2013:531465.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2013/531465/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23476141?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Klingler W, Heiderich S, Girard T, et al. Functional and genetic characterization of clinical malignant hyperthermia crises: a multi-centre study. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2014;9:8.http://www.ojrd.com/content/9/1/8http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24433488?tool=bestpractice.com长期接触和高剂量的吸入麻醉都会增加风险。[26]Visoiu M, Young MC, Wieland K, et al. Anesthetic drugs and onset of malignant hyperthermia. Anesth Analg. 2014;118:388-396.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24445637?tool=bestpractice.com
MH 的风险可能随着其他肌肉疾病的出现而改变。一些肌病,如中央轴空病、[31]Brislin RP, Theroux MC. Core myopathies and malignant hyperthermia susceptibility: a review. Paediatr Anaesth. 2013;23:834-841.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23617272?tool=bestpractice.com多微小轴空病以及金德综合征 (KDS) 等综合征,被认为与 MH 相关,因此应当接受全静脉麻醉等非触发性的麻醉技术。[6]Rosenberg H, Pollock N, Schiemann A, et al. Malignant hyperthermia: a review. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2015;10:93.http://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-015-0310-1http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26238698?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Brislin RP, Theroux MC. Core myopathies and malignant hyperthermia susceptibility: a review. Paediatr Anaesth. 2013;23:834-841.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23617272?tool=bestpractice.com还报道过患有抗肌萎缩蛋白病但没发生 MH 的患者队列。[32]Flick RP, Gleich SJ, Herr MM, et al. The risk of malignant hyperthermia in children undergoing muscle biopsy for suspected neuromuscular disorder. Pediatr Anesth. 2007;17:22-27.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17184427?tool=bestpractice.com但是,在这些队列中,并不是都有使用麻醉药的具体情况,故不能据此得到确切的结论。[33]Breucking E, Reimnitz P, Schara U, et al. Anesthetic complications. The incidence of severe anesthetic complications in patients and families with progressive muscular dystrophy of the Duchenne and Becker types. Anesthetist. 2000;49:187-195.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10788987?tool=bestpractice.com一项回顾性研究对两个大型数据库进行了分析,试图确定某些危险因素或共病在儿科患者中是否与 MH 有较大的关联。[34]Salazar JH, Yang J, Shen L, et al. Pediatric malignant hyperthermia: risk factors, morbidity, and mortality identified from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample and Kids' Inpatient Database. Paediatr Anaesth. 2014;24:1212-1216.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24974921?tool=bestpractice.com在因 MH 而住院的儿科患者中,肌营养不良是最常报告的共病,但这种关联可能是由于临床表现相似而导致的医学编码错误。[34]Salazar JH, Yang J, Shen L, et al. Pediatric malignant hyperthermia: risk factors, morbidity, and mortality identified from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample and Kids' Inpatient Database. Paediatr Anaesth. 2014;24:1212-1216.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24974921?tool=bestpractice.com一项回顾性研究调查了非麻醉病例转诊进行 MH 检测的原因,先证者中咖啡因氟烷肌肉挛缩试验 (CHCT) 阳性提示存在潜在的肌肉病症,因而患者即使没有暴露于触发 MH 的麻醉药物也可能出现肌肉症状。[35]Timmins MA, Rosenberg H, Larach MG, et al. Malignant hyperthermia testing in probands without adverse anesthetic reaction. Anesthesiology. 2015;123:548-556.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26068069?tool=bestpractice.com