海绵窦血栓

Yarington CT, Jr. Cavernous sinus thrombosis revisited. Proc R Soc Med. 1977;70:456-459.

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Southwick FS, Richardson EP Jr, Swartz MN. Septic thrombosis of the dural venous sinuses. Medicine. 1986;65:82-106.

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Levine SR, Twyman RE, Gilman S. The role of anticoagulation in cavernous sinus thrombosis. Neurology. 1988;38:517-522.

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Ebright JR, Pace MT, Niazi AF. Septic thrombosis of the cavernous sinuses. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:2671-2676.

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Bhatia K, Jones NS. Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis secondary to sinusitis: are anticoagulants indicated? A review of the literature. J Laryngol Otol. 2002;116:667-676.

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1.  Yarington CT, Jr. Cavernous sinus thrombosis revisited. Proc R Soc Med. 1977;70:456-459.

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2.  DiNubile MJ. Septic thrombosis of the cavernous sinuses. Arch Neurol. 1988;45:567-572.

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3.  Kriss TC, Kriss VM, Warf BC. Cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis: case report. Neurosurgery. 1996;39:385-389.

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4.  Dale BA, Mackenzie IJ. The complications of sphenoid sinusitis. J Laryngol Otol. 1983;97:661-670.

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5.  Macdonald RL, Findlay JM, Tator CH. Sphenoethmoidal sinusitis complicated by cavernous sinus thrombosis and pontocerebellar infarction. Can J Neurol Sci. 1988;15:310-313.

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6.  Dolan RW, Chowdhury K. Diagnosis and treatment of intracranial complications of paranasal sinus infections. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1995;53:1080-1087.

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7.  Southwick FS, Richardson EP Jr, Swartz MN. Septic thrombosis of the dural venous sinuses. Medicine. 1986;65:82-106.

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8.  Ahmadi J, Keane JR, Segall HD, et al. CT observations pertinent to septic cavernous sinus thrombosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1985;6:755-758.

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9.  Horowitz A, Spendel D, Kraut R, et al. Cavernous sinus thrombosis as a result of a fungal infection: a case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;71:1899.e1-1899.e5.

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10.  Apantaku JB, Solarin EO. Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis and the neurological complications. East Afr Med J. 1978;55:109-114.

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11.  Berge J, Louail C, Caille JM. Cavernous sinus thrombosis diagnostic approach. J Neuroradiol. 1994;21:101-117.

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12.  Bruckmann H, Zeumer H, Meegan T, et al. Orbital venous congestion in childhood. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Klin Padiatr.1986;198:489-492.

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13.  Thatai D, Chandy L, Dhar KL. Septic cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis: a review of 35 cases. J Indian Med Assoc. 1992;90:290-292.

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14.  Levine SR, Twyman RE, Gilman S. The role of anticoagulation in cavernous sinus thrombosis. Neurology. 1988;38:517-522.

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15.  Verma R, Junewar V, Singh RK, et al. Bilateral cavernous sinus thrombosis and facial palsy as complications of dental abscess. Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 2013;4:252-255.

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16.  Rout D, Sharma A, Mohan PK, et al. Bacterial aneurysms of the intracavernous carotid artery. J Neurosurg. 1984;60:1236-1242.

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17.  Miller B, Khalifa Y, Feldon SE, et al. Lemierre syndrome causing bilateral cavernous sinus thrombosis. J Neuroophthalmol. 2012;32:341-344.

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18.  Piazza P, Comoretto M, Lutman M. Computed tomography in acute inflammation of orbit. Radiol Med. 1994;87:235-239 [in Italian].

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19.  Marshall DR, Slattery PG. Intracranial complications after rhinoplasty. Br J Plast Surg. 1983;36:342-344.

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20.  Kimbrough BO, Young AB, Modica LA. Orbital cellulitis and cavernous sinus thrombosis after cataract extraction and lens implantation. Ann Ophthalmol. 1992;24:313-317.

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21.  Palmersheim LA, Hamilton MK. Fatal cavernous sinus thrombosis secondary to third molar removal. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1982;40:371-376.

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22.  Melamed E, Rachmilewitz EA, Reches A, et al. Aseptic cavernous sinus thrombosis after internal carotid arterial occlusion in polycythaemia vera. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1976;39:320-324.

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23.  Blatt J, Penchansky L, Horn M. Thrombocytosis as a presenting feature of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood. Am J Hematol. 1989;31:46-49.

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24.  Savino PJ, Grossman RI, Schtz NJ, et al. High field magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of cavernous sinus thrombosis. Arch Neurol. 1986;43:1081-1082.

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25.  Teggi A, Della Rocca C, Traditi F, et al. Ulcerative colitis, thrombosis of the cavernous sinuses and prostatic plexus and acute necrotizing hemorrhagic leukoneuraxitis: a case report of a syndromal association. Medicina (Firenze). 1990;10:286-291 [in Italian].

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26.  Brismar G, Brismar J. Aseptic thrombosis of orbital veins and cavernous sinus. Clinical symptomatology. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1977;55:9-22.

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27.  Karlin RJ, Robinson WA. Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis. Ann Emerg Med. 1984;13:449-455.

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28.  Shaw RE. Cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis: a review. Br J Surg. 1952;40:40-48.

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29.  Ebright JR, Pace MT, Niazi AF. Septic thrombosis of the cavernous sinuses. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:2671-2676.

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30.  Eustis HS, Mafee MF, Walton C, et al. MR imaging and CT of orbital infections and complications in acute rhinosinusitis. Radiol Clin North Am. 1998;36:1165-1183.

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31.  Gallagher RM, Gross CW, Phillips CD. Suppurative intracranial complications of sinusitis. Laryngoscope. 1998;108:1635-1642.

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32.  Lew D, Southwick FS, Montgomery WW, et al. Sphenoid sinusitis. A review of 30 cases. New Eng J Med. 1983;309:1149-1154.

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33.  Urquhart AC, Fung G, McIntosh WA. Isolated sphenoiditis: a diagnostic problem. J Laryngol Otol. 1989;103:526-527.

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34.  Doyle KJ, Jackler RK. Otogenic cavernous sinus thrombosis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991;104:873-877.

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35.  Ogundiya DA, Keith DA, Mirowski J. Cavernous sinus thrombosis and blindness as complications of an odontogenic infection: report of a case and review of literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1989;47:1317-1321.

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36.  Fielding AF, Cross S, Matise JL, et al. Cavernous sinus thrombosis: report of case. J Am Dental Assoc. 1983;106:342-345.

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37.  Ragab RR, Younis A el-B, Mekkey M el-H. The etiological significance of trauma in cavernous sinus thrombosis: report of case. Egypt Dent J. 1977;23:1-9.

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38.  Sarvesvaran ER. Fatal penetrating orbital injuries. Med Sci Law. 1991;31:261-263.

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39.  Buchanan DS, Brazinsky JH. Dural sinus and cerebral venous thrombosis. Incidence in young women receiving oral contraceptives. Arch Neurol. 1970;22:440-444.

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40.  Lai PF, Cusimano MD. The spectrum of cavernous sinus and orbital venous thrombosis: a case and a review. Skull Base Surg. 1996;6:53-59.

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41.  Bhatia K, Jones NS. Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis secondary to sinusitis: are anticoagulants indicated? A review of the literature. J Laryngol Otol. 2002;116:667-676.

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42.  Colson AE, Daily JP. Orbital apex syndrome and cavernous sinus thrombosis due to infection with Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeuroginosa. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29:701-702.

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43.  American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: headache. 2013. http://www.acr.org (last accessed 25 September 2017).

44.  Schuknecht B, Simmen D, Yuksel C, et al. Tributary venosinus occlusion and septic cavernous sinus thrombosis: CT and MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19:617-626.

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45.  Karacostas D, Artemis N, Papadopoulou M, et al. Case report: epidural and bilateral retroorbital hematomas complicating sickle cell anemia. Am J Med Sci. 1991;302:107-109.

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46.  Weber AL, Mikulis DK. Inflammatory disorders of the paraorbital sinuses and their complications. Radiol Clin North Am. 1987;25:615-630.

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47.  Price CD, Hameroff SB, Richards RD. Cavernous sinus thrombosis and orbital cellulitis. South Med J. 1971;64:1243-1247.

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48.  Guindi GM. Acute orbital cellulitis: a multidisciplinary emergency. Br J Oral Surg. 1983;21:201-207.

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49.  Pinna Fde R, Dutra DL, Neves MC, et al. Superior orbital fissure syndrome due to sinusitis: report of two cases. Am J Rhinol. 2005;19:17-20.

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50.  Colnagi S, Versino M, Marchioni E, et al. ICHD-11 diagnostic criteria for Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome in idiopathic inflammatory syndrome of the orbit and/or the cavernous sinus. Cephalgia. 2008;28:577-584.

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51.  Taniguchi RM, Gooree JA, Odom GL. Spontaneous carotid-cavernous shunts presenting diagnostic problems. J Neurosurg. 1971;35:384-391.

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52.  Vinuela D, Fox AJ, Debrun GM, et al. Spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistulas: clinical , radiological, and therapeutic considerations. Experience with 20 cases. J Neurosurg. 1984;60:976-984.

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53.  Barrow DL, Spector RH, Braun IF, et al. Classification and treatment of spontaneous carotid-cavernous sinus fistula. J Neurosurg. 1985;62:248-256.

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54.  Grove AS Jr. The dural shunt syndrome. Pathophysiology and clinical course. Ophthalmology. 1984;91:31-44.

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55.  Castelli JB, Pallin JL. Lethal rhinocerebral phycomycosis in a healthy adult: a case report and review of the literature. Otolaryngology. 1978;86:ORL-696-703.

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56.  McDevitt GR Jr, Brantley MJ, Cawthon MA. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: a case report with magnetic resonance imaging findings. Clin Imaging. 1989;13:317-320.

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57.  Estrem SA, Tully R, Davis WE. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: computed tomographic imaging of cavernous sinus thrombosis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1990;99:160-161.

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58.  Dooley DP, Hollsten DA, Grimes SR, et al. Indolent orbital apex syndrome caused by occult mucormycosis. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1992;12 245-249.

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59.  Naesens R, Ronsyn M, Druwé P, et al. Central nervous system invasion by community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Microbiol. 2009;58:1247-1251.

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60.  Dylewski J, Martel G. A case of spontaneous methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus meningitis in a health care worker. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2004;15:336-338.

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61.  de Bruijn SF, Stam J. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of anticoagulant treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin for cerebral sinus thrombosis. Stroke. 1999;30:484-488.

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62.  Einhäupl KM, Villringer A, Meister W, et al. Heparin treatment in sinus venous thrombosis. Lancet. 1991;338:597-600. Erratum in: Lancet 1991;338:958.

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63.  Einhäupl K, Stam J, Bousser MG, et al; European Federation of Neurological Societies. EFNS guideline on the treatment of cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis in adult patients. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:1229-1235.

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64.  Lebas A, Chabrier S, Fluss J, et al. French Society for Paediatric Neurology; European Paediatric Neurology Society. EPNS/SFNP guideline on the anticoagulant treatment of cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in children and neonates. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2012;16:219-228.

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65.  Direct Thrombin Inhibitor Trialists' Collaborative Group. Direct thrombin inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: principal results of a meta-analysis based on individual patients' data. Lancet. 2002;359:294-302.

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66.  Liebetrau M, Mayer TE, Bruning R, et al. Intra-arterial thrombolysis of complete deep cerebral venous thrombosis. Neurology. 2004;63:2444-2445.

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67.  Canhão P, Falcão F, Ferro JM. Thrombolytics for cerebral sinus thrombosis: a systematic review. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003;15:159-166.

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68.  Silver HS, Morris LR. Hypopituitarism secondary to cavernous sinus thrombosis. South Med J. 1983;76:642-646.

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69.  Sahjpaul RL, Lee DH. Infratentorial subdural empyema, pituitary abscess, and septic cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis secondary to paranasal sinusitis: case report. Neurosurgery. 1999;44:864-866; discussion 866-868.

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70.  Clifford-Jones RE, Ellis CJ, Stevens JM, et al. Cavernous sinus thrombosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiaty. 1982;45:1092-1097.

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71.  Igarashi H, Igarashi S, Fujio N, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in the early diagnosis of cavernous sinus thrombosis. Ophthalmologica. 1995;209:292-296.

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72.  Solomon OD, Moses L, Volk M. Steroid therapy in cavernous sinus thrombosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1962;54:1122-1124.

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73.  Mahapatra AK. Brain abscess-an unusual complication of cavernous sinus thrombosis. A case report. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1988;90:241-243.

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74.  Selleng K, Warkentin TE, Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in intensive care patients. Crit Care Med. 2007;35:1165-1176.

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75.  Friberg TR and Sogg RL. Ischemic optic neuropathy in cavernous sinus thrombosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1978;96:453-456.

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76.  Geggel HS, Isenberg SJ. Cavernous sinus thrombosis as a cause of unilateral blindness. Ann Ophthalmol. 1982;14:569-574.

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77.  Williams E. Hypopituitarism following sinusitis and cavernous sinus thrombosis. Proc R Soc Med. 1956;49:827-828.

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