治疗目的是移除感染的阑尾。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 急性阑尾炎-术中标本Nasim Ahmed, MBBS, FACS;经许可后使用 [Citation ends].
无合并症
急性阑尾炎的诊断一经确立,患者即应禁食禁水。
应当开始静脉输液,例如给予乳酸林格氏液。关于术后预防性静脉使用抗生素尚存争议;然而,对于无并发症的阑尾炎,推荐使用头孢西丁来降低切口感染的风险。[51]Liberman MA, Greason KL, Frame S, et al. Single-dose cefotetan or cefoxitin versus multiple-dose cefoxitin as prophylaxis in patients undergoing appendectomy for acute nonperforated appendicitis. J Am Coll Surg. 1995;180:77-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8000659?tool=bestpractice.com 不应延误实施阑尾切除术。
伴有合并症
4%-6% 的急性阑尾炎患者有并发症,包括坏疽以及继发性穿孔或腹腔内脓肿。[11]Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al, eds. The appendix. In: Schwartz's principles of surgery. 8th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2005:1119-1137.
初始处理包括禁食、禁水以及开始静脉输液。如果患者处于休克状态,应当给予快速静脉推注液体,例如乳酸林格氏液,以维持脉率和血压稳定。[52]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intravenous fluid therapy in adults in hospital. December 2016. https://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 1 March 2017).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg174[53]Lobo DN, Awad S. Should chloride-rich crystalloids remain the mainstay of fluid resuscitation to prevent 'pre-renal' acute kidney injury? Kidney Int. 2014;86:1096-1105.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0085253815304403http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24717302?tool=bestpractice.com
应该立即开始静脉使用抗生素(例如头孢西丁、替卡西林/克拉维酸或哌拉西林/他唑巴坦),并持续使用至患者无发热或白细胞增多被纠正。对于更严重的感染,可以单用碳青霉烯类抗生素。根据当地细菌敏感性和诊疗方案,可能使用抗生素联合治疗方案。[11]Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al, eds. The appendix. In: Schwartz's principles of surgery. 8th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2005:1119-1137.
对于伴急性腹膜炎的患者,阑尾切除术的施行不应被延误。
对于存在右下腹脓肿的患者,应静脉使用抗生素,并依靠介入放射学技术进行引流(CT 引导下引流)或者实施手术引流。如果临床情况改善,体征和症状完全消退,则不需要进行间隔性阑尾切除术。[54]Mason RJ. Surgery for appendicitis: is it necessary? Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2008;9:481-488.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18687030?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Deakin DE, Ahmed I. Interval appendicectomy after resolution of adult inflammatory appendix mass - is it necessary? Surgeon. 2007;5:45-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17313128?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Andersson RE, Petzold MG. Nonsurgical treatment of appendiceal abscess or phlegmon: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2007;246:741-748.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968164?tool=bestpractice.com 如果症状没有完全控制,间隔性阑尾切除术应在 6 周后进行。[57]Garba ES, Ahmed A. Management of appendiceal mass. Ann Afr Med. 2008;7:200-204.http://www.annalsafrmed.org/article.asp?issn=1596-3519;year=2008;volume=7;issue=4;spage=200;epage=204;aulast=Garbahttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19623924?tool=bestpractice.com 有证据显示,对于成人阑尾脓肿,相对于保守治疗,腹腔镜下阑尾切除术可能是一种可行的一线治疗选择;然而,目前尚不推荐这一治疗方法。[58]Mentula P, Sammalkorpi H, Leppäniemi A. Laparoscopic surgery or conservative treatment for appendiceal abscess in adults? A randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2015;262:237-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25775072?tool=bestpractice.com
手术选择
有两种阑尾切除术术式:开腹和腹腔镜。
对于成人,阑尾切除术式的选择主要依赖于外科医生的经验。多项研究显示,与开腹阑尾切除术相比,腹腔镜下阑尾切除术的伤口更美观,住院时长更短,术后疼痛更轻,并且伤口感染的风险降低。 [
]In adults with suspected appendicitis, how do laparoscopic and conventional appendectomy compare?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.486/full显示答案 推荐将腹腔镜下阑尾切除术用于无并发症的阑尾炎[38]Wei HB, Huang JL, Zheng ZH, et al. Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy: a prospective randomized comparison. Surg Endosc. 2010;24:266-269.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19517167?tool=bestpractice.com 以及复杂和穿孔的阑尾炎。[59]Yau KK, Siu WT, Tang CN, et al. Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy for complicated appendicitis. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;205:60-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17617333?tool=bestpractice.com 对于肥胖患者,腹腔镜下阑尾切除术被认为是最安全的方法。[60]Woodham BL, Cox MR, Eslick GD. Evidence to support the use of laparoscopic over open appendicectomy for obese individuals: a meta-analysis. Surg Endosc. 2012;26:2566-2570.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22437955?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,对于妊娠女性,开腹阑尾切除术被认为是最安全的方法。[61]Wilasrusmee C, Sukrat B, McEvoy M, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of safety of laparoscopic versus open appendicectomy for suspected appendicitis in pregnancy. Br J Surg. 2012;99:1470-1478.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bjs.8889/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23001791?tool=bestpractice.com
对于儿童,与开腹阑尾切除术相比,腹腔镜阑尾切除术可降低术后并发症(包括伤口感染)的总发生率,缩短总住院时长,但不能减轻术后疼痛。[62]Katkhouda N, Mason RJ, Towfigh S, et al. Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy: a prospective randomized double-blind study. Ann Surg. 2005;242:439-448.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16135930http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16135930?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Billingham MJ, Basterfield SJ. Pediatric surgical technique: laparoscopic or open approach? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2010;20:73-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19882502?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,另一项研究显示两者并无明显差异。[64]Lintula H, Kokki H, Vanamo K, et al. Laparoscopy in children with complicated appendicitis. J Pediatr Surg. 2002;37:1317-1320.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12194123?tool=bestpractice.com
实用缝合技术的动画演示
外周静脉置管的动画演示