各个国家的流行病学不尽相同。但是,由于污水处理系统不佳和水质量不断恶化,发展中国家的发病率正在不断增加。[6]Igbinosa EO, Okoh AI. Emerging Vibrio species: an unending threat to public health in developing countries. Res Microbiol. 2008;159:495-506.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18692131?tool=bestpractice.com副溶血性弧菌的大流行克隆最早于 1997 年在亚洲以外地区发现。[7]Martinez-Urtaza J, Huapaya B, Gavilan RG, et al. Emergence of Asiatic Vibrio diseases in South America in phase with El Nino. Epidemiology. 2008;19:829-837.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18854707?tool=bestpractice.com
泰国
副溶血性弧菌感染在泰国南部非常普遍。宋卡省的主要公立医院 Hat Yai 医院在 2000—2005 年间收治了 865 例患者。[8]Wootipoom N, Bhoopong P, Pomwised R, et al. A decrease in the proportion of infections by pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Hat Yai Hospital, southern Thailand. J Med Microbiol. 2007;56:1630-1638.http://jmm.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.47439-0#tab2http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18033832?tool=bestpractice.com
加拿大
已从不列颠哥伦比亚海岸沿线的贝类中分离出副溶血性弧菌、河流弧菌、创伤弧菌和溶藻弧菌。[9]Khaira G, Galanis E. Descriptive epidemiology of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and other Vibrio species infections in British Columbia: 2001-2006. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2007;33:12-22.http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/ccdr-rmtc/07vol33/dr3311b-eng.phphttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18161203?tool=bestpractice.com
2001—2006 年,副溶血性弧菌是不列颠哥伦比亚最常报告的弧菌种。发病率为 0.5/100,000。[9]Khaira G, Galanis E. Descriptive epidemiology of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and other Vibrio species infections in British Columbia: 2001-2006. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2007;33:12-22.http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/ccdr-rmtc/07vol33/dr3311b-eng.phphttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18161203?tool=bestpractice.com2015 年 9 月,加拿大公众卫生局报告一起 81 例副溶血性弧菌导致的胃肠道疾病暴发。病因与 2015 年 5 月至 8 月期间食用不列颠哥伦比亚海岸沿线捕获的生牡蛎有关。[10]Public Health Agency of Canada. Public health notice: outbreak of Vibrio parahaemolyticus linked to raw shellfish. October 2015. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ (last accessed 14 March 2017).http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/phn-asp/2015/vibrioparahaemolyticus-eng.php
新喀里多尼亚
对新喀里多尼亚病虾或健康虾体内以及海虾养殖场环境中的黑美人弧菌进行了研究。[11]Goarant C, Reynaud Y, Ansquer D, et al. Molecular epidemiology of Vibrio nigripulchritudo, a pathogen of cultured penaeid shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris) in New Caledonia. Syst Appl Microbiol. 2006;29:570-580.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16413158?tool=bestpractice.com
日本
有证据表明,1999—2003 年,日本西部共发生 94 例创伤弧菌感染。[12]Inoue Y, Ono T, Matsui T, et al. Epidemiological survey of Vibrio vulnificus infection in Japan between 1999 and 2003. J Dermatol. 2008;35:129-139.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18346255?tool=bestpractice.com
这些病例中超过 50% 发生在九州地区,主要集中于有明和八代的沿海区域,那里有着大片的滩涂区;感染通常在 6 月至 11 月发生,而冬季不会发病。[12]Inoue Y, Ono T, Matsui T, et al. Epidemiological survey of Vibrio vulnificus infection in Japan between 1999 and 2003. J Dermatol. 2008;35:129-139.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18346255?tool=bestpractice.com
智利
副溶血性弧菌是智利南部的新发传染病。[7]Martinez-Urtaza J, Huapaya B, Gavilan RG, et al. Emergence of Asiatic Vibrio diseases in South America in phase with El Nino. Epidemiology. 2008;19:829-837.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18854707?tool=bestpractice.com
2004—2007 年,蒙特港区域发病约 7000 例,但暴发的次数在不断减少。[13]Harth E, Matsuda L, Hernández C, et al. Epidemiology of Vibrio parahaemolyticus outbreaks, southern Chile. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:163-168.http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/2/07-1269_articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19193258?tool=bestpractice.com
美国
非霍乱弧菌感染在美国相对少见,2014 年,美国疾病预防控制中心 (CDC) 仅接到 1172 例报告。[14]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National enteric disease surveillance: COVIS annual summary, 2014 - summary of human Vibrio cases reported to CDC, 2014. May 2016. https://www.cdc.gov (last accessed 14 March 2017).https://www.cdc.gov/nationalsurveillance/pdfs/covis-annual-summary-2014-508c.pdf
在与人类疾病相关的 10 种非霍乱弧菌种中,通过霍乱和其他弧菌疾病监测系统 (COVIS) 报告的病例中 77% 都是由以下三种微生物之一引起的:创伤弧菌 (10%)、副溶血性弧菌 (48%) 或溶藻弧菌 (19%)。其他较少见的感染原因(占人类病例的 9% 左右)包括美人鱼发光杆菌(旧称美人鱼弧菌)、河流弧菌、霍利斯格里蒙菌(旧称霍利斯弧菌)以及拟态弧菌。[14]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National enteric disease surveillance: COVIS annual summary, 2014 - summary of human Vibrio cases reported to CDC, 2014. May 2016. https://www.cdc.gov (last accessed 14 March 2017).https://www.cdc.gov/nationalsurveillance/pdfs/covis-annual-summary-2014-508c.pdf
根据 2009 年美国疾病控制与预防中心 (CDC) 的监测数据,66% 的创伤弧菌株来自血液;81% 的副溶血性弧菌株来自粪便;55% 的创伤弧菌株来自伤口。创伤弧菌感染的死亡率为 32%。[15]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Enteric Disease Surveillance. Cholera and Other Vibrio Illness (COVIS) annual summary, 2009: summary of human Vibrio cases reported to CDC, 2009. November 2011. http://www.cdc.gov/ (last accessed 14 March 2017).http://www.cdc.gov/nationalsurveillance/PDFs/CSTEVibrio2009.pdf