手术治疗,作为一般考虑。
从20世纪90年代的研究数据表明开放手术治疗比药物治疗的效果好,但是随着时间推移优势逐渐减少。[29]Spechler SJ. Comparison of medical and surgical therapy for complicated gastroesophageal reflux disease in veterans. The Department of Veterans Affairs Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1992 Mar 19;326(12):786-92.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM199203193261202http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1538721?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Spechler SJ, Lee E, Ahnen D, et al. Long-term outcome of medical and surgical therapies for gastroesophageal reflux disease: follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001 May 9;285(18):2331-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11343480?tool=bestpractice.com 现在还没有比较传统外科手术(腹腔镜)及现代药物(PPI)治疗的等效对照数据。
食管裂孔疝修补的主要操作包括还纳疝内容物、切除疝囊、延长腹内食管、放置或不放置补片增强的一期成形术,以及抗反流的操作或胃成形术。对大多数食管裂孔疝的手术现在都采用微创(腹腔镜)技术来进行。[22]Carlson MA, Frantzides CT. Complications and results of primary minimally invasive antireflux procedures: a review of 10,735 reported cases. J Am Coll Surg. 2001 Oct;193(4):428-39.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11584971?tool=bestpractice.com 另外,不管是对照的还是非对照的数据都表明,如果使用人造补片,则食管裂孔疝的修补维持时间会更长(即假体补片)。[31]Müller-Stich BP, Holzinger F, Kapp T, et al. Laparoscopic hiatal hernia repair: long-term outcome with the focus on the influence of mesh reinforcement. Surg Endosc. 2006 Mar;20(3):380-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16432659?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Johnson JM, Carbonell AM, Carmody BJ, et al. Laparoscopic mesh hiatoplasty for paraesophageal hernias and fundoplications: a critical analysis of the available literature. Surg Endosc. 2006 Mar;20(3):362-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16437267?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Oelschlager BK, Pellegrini CA, Hunter J, et al. Biologic prosthesis reduces recurrence after laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair: a multicenter, prospective, randomized trial. Ann Surg. 2006 Oct;244(4):481-90.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856552/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16998356?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Ringley CD, Bochkarev V, Ahmed SI, et al. Laparoscopic hiatal hernia repair with human acellular dermal matrix patch: our initial experience. Am J Surg. 2006 Dec;192(6):767-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17161091?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Carlson MA, Condon RE, Ludwig KA, et al. Management of intrathoracic stomach with polypropylene mesh prosthesis reinforced transabdominal hiatus hernia repair. J Am Coll Surg. 1998 Sep;187(3):227-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9740178?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Basso N, De Leo A, Genco A, et al. 360 degrees laparoscopic fundoplication with tension-free hiatoplasty in the treatment of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease. Surg Endosc. 2000 Feb;14(2):164-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10656953?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Champion JK, Rock D. Laparoscopic mesh cruroplasty for large paraesophageal hernias. Surg Endosc. 2003 Apr;17(4):551-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12582773?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Keidar A, Szold A. Laparoscopic repair of paraesophageal hernia with selective use of mesh. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2003 Jun;13(3):149-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12819496?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Gryska PV, Vernon JK. Tension-free repair of hiatal hernia during laparoscopic fundoplication: a ten-year experience. Hernia. 2005 May;9(2):150-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15723153?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Granderath FA, Carlson MA, Champion JK, et al. Prosthetic closure of the esophageal hiatus in large hiatal hernia repair and laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc. 2006 Mar;20(3):367-79.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16424984?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Frantzides CT, Madan AK, Carlson MA, et al. A prospective, randomized trial of laparoscopic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) patch repair vs simple cruroplasty for large hiatal hernia. Arch Surg. 2002 Jun;137(6):649-52.http://archsurg.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/137/6/649http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12049534?tool=bestpractice.com 对于大的食管裂孔疝(通常>5 cm),在修补过程中可以考虑使用人工补片。未使用补片的食管裂孔疝腹腔镜下修补术可能导致 15%-30% 的解剖复发率,[42]Furnée EJ, Draaisma WA, Simmermacher RK, et al. Long-term symptomatic outcome and radiologic assessment of laparoscopic hiatal hernia repair. Am J Surg. 2010 May;199(5):695-701.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19892314?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Dallemagne B, Kohnen L, Perretta S, et al. Laparoscopic repair of paraesophageal hernia: long-term follow-up reveals good clinical outcome despite high radiological recurrence rate. Ann Surg. 2011 Feb;253(2):291-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21217518?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Luketich JD, Nason KS, Christie NA, et al. Outcomes after a decade of laparoscopic giant paraesophageal hernia repair. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010 Feb;139(2):395-404.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2813424/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20004917?tool=bestpractice.com 但并不是所有的复发都有症状或需要再次手术。使用何种类型的补片仍有争议;补片的选择包括聚四氟乙烯,轻涂层聚丙烯,聚酯,复合材料,和生物假体。曾经报告过与人工补片相关的并发症,例如补片腐蚀或食管纤维化,[45]Parker M, Bowers SP, Bray JM, et al. Hiatal mesh is associated with major resection at revisional operation. Surg Endosc. 2010 Dec;24(12):3095-101.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20464417?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Stadlhuber RJ, Sherif AE, Mittal SK, et al. Mesh complications after prosthetic reinforcement of hiatal closure: a 28-case series. Surg Endosc. 2009 Jun;23(6):1219-26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19067074?tool=bestpractice.com 且与可吸收性补片相比,采用不可吸收性补片更为常见。[47]Frantzides CT, Carlson MA, Loizides S, et al. Hiatal hernia repair with mesh: a survey of SAGES members. Surg Endosc. 2010 May;24(5):1017-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19997755?tool=bestpractice.com 生物性(可吸收)补片与高复发率有关。[47]Frantzides CT, Carlson MA, Loizides S, et al. Hiatal hernia repair with mesh: a survey of SAGES members. Surg Endosc. 2010 May;24(5):1017-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19997755?tool=bestpractice.com 仅相对于非吸收假体网,在网的类型和构造与并发症之间没有明显的关系。[46]Stadlhuber RJ, Sherif AE, Mittal SK, et al. Mesh complications after prosthetic reinforcement of hiatal closure: a 28-case series. Surg Endosc. 2009 Jun;23(6):1219-26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19067074?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Frantzides CT, Carlson MA, Loizides S, et al. Hiatal hernia repair with mesh: a survey of SAGES members. Surg Endosc. 2010 May;24(5):1017-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19997755?tool=bestpractice.com 关于在食管裂孔疝的修补中使用何种类型补片,补片植入的细节,以及补片使用的指征,仍有争议,需要更深入的研究来解决这些争议。在这一点上,食管裂孔疝修补手术的发展中,可能需要权衡,选择哪种人工补片:选择永久性补片,有糜烂的风险;选择生物补片,有复发的风险。关于如何具体选择补片种类,目前缺乏良好的科学数据。[48]Antoniou SA, Pointner R, Granderath FA. Hiatal hernia repair with the use of biologic meshes: a literature review. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2011 Feb;21(1):1-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304379?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Antoniou SA, Müller-Stich BP, Antoniou GA, et al. Laparoscopic augmentation of the diaphragmatic hiatus with biologic mesh versus suture repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2015 Jul;400(5):577-83.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26049745?tool=bestpractice.com 可用轻质涂层非生物补片进行疝环填充式修补,或者使用聚四氟乙烯补片进行食管裂孔疝修补。[50]Frantzides CT, Carlson MA. Laparoscopic hiatal herniorrhaphy. In: Frantzides CT, Carlson M, eds. Atlas of minimally invasive surgery. 1st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2009:31-40.[51]Antoniou SA, Koch OO, Antoniou GA, et al. Mesh-reinforced hiatal hernia repair: a review on the effect on postoperative dysphagia and recurrence. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2012 Jan;397(1):19-27.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21792699?tool=bestpractice.com
为避免伤到心脏或大动脉,应谨慎使用腹腔镜修补大的食管裂孔疝。这些损伤可能会产生灾难性的后果。[52]Frantzides CT, Welle SN. Cardiac tamponade as a life-threatening complication in hernia repair. Surgery. 2012 Jul;152(1):133-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21944871?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Cano-Valderrama O, Marinero A, Sánchez-Pernaute A, et al. Aortic injury during laparoscopic esophageal hiatoplasty. Surg Endosc. 2013 Aug;27(8):3000-2.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23436085?tool=bestpractice.com
如果没有可用的微创手术技术,开放手术是一个可以接受的选择。治疗胃食管反流病和食管裂孔疝可以使用抗反流手术及疝修补术相结合的术式。[22]Carlson MA, Frantzides CT. Complications and results of primary minimally invasive antireflux procedures: a review of 10,735 reported cases. J Am Coll Surg. 2001 Oct;193(4):428-39.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11584971?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Muller-Stich BP, Achtstatter V, Diener MK, et al. Repair of paraesophageal hiatal hernias - is a fundoplication needed? A randomized controlled pilot trial. J Am Coll Surg. 2015 Aug;221(2):602-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25868406?tool=bestpractice.com