转移性乳腺癌虽不能治愈,但可以治疗。个体治疗的细节有所不同,要考虑各个患者的需求。治疗的潜在目标是尽量延长无进展生存期及总生存期、减少肿瘤相关症状、增强/维持体力状态、尽量减少毒性,以及为患者提供方便并控制病情。[3]Mayer EL, Burstein HJ. Chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2007;21:257-272.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17512448?tool=bestpractice.com 制定这些目标时,需要与患者讨论并征得患者的同意。一般而言,为这类患者选择合适的治疗方案颇为复杂,最好由经验丰富的多学科团队负责。[38]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: breast cancer. http://www.nccn.org/ (last accessed 17 May 2017).http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#site 应向所有患者提供合适的支持性治疗,包括在其治疗中加入心理社会学和症状相关干预。[33]Cardoso F, Costa A, Senkus E, et al. 3rd ESO-ESMO international consensus guidelines for advanced breast cancer (ABC 3). Ann Oncol. 2017;28:16-33.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5378224/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28177437?tool=bestpractice.com
指南中提出的建议因国家/地区而异。英国国家卫生与临床优化研究院 (NICE) 的建议可能与此处呈递的意见不同。本主题并未特别提到男性转移性乳腺癌的治疗。
影响选择治疗药物的因素
选择治疗方案时,要考虑诸多因素,包括:[33]Cardoso F, Costa A, Senkus E, et al. 3rd ESO-ESMO international consensus guidelines for advanced breast cancer (ABC 3). Ann Oncol. 2017;28:16-33.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5378224/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28177437?tool=bestpractice.com
体能状态评估提供了患者能否耐受化疗毒性的相关信息。两个常用的评分量表为 Karnofsky 量表和 Zubrod 量表。[39]Crooks V, Waller S, Smith T, et al. The use of the Karnofsky Performance Scale in determining outcomes and risk in geriatric outpatients. J Gerontol. 1991;46:M139-M144.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2071835?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,当今老年肿瘤患者数量不断增加,强烈建议使用老年综合评估 (comprehensive geriatric assessment, CGA) [40]British Geriatrics Society. Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) and why it is done? February 2016. http://www.bgs.org.uk/ (last accessed 17 May 2017).http://www.bgs.org.uk/cga-toolkit/cga-toolkit-category/what-is-cga/cga-what 以决定治疗方式和护理前期的目标。[41]Hurria A, Togawa K, Mohile SG, et al. Predicting chemotherapy toxicity in older adults with cancer: a prospective multicenter study. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:3457-3465.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2011.34.7625http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21810685?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Hoppe S, Rainfray M, Fonck M, et al. Functional decline in older patients with cancer receiving first-line chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:3877-3882.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2012.47.7430http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24062399?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Soubeyran P, Fonck M, Blanc-Bisson C, et al. Predictors of early death risk in older patients treated with first-line chemotherapy for cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:1829-1834.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2011.35.7442http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22508806?tool=bestpractice.com考虑所有这些因素后,有许多情况已经很明了,但还有一些需要对治疗方案进行更改的情况。当患者被清晰告知每种药物的获益证据及毒性风险后,他们可选择其中一种而不选另一种。
将转移性疾病归类为侵袭性疾病的一些因素包括:[44]Winer EP, Morrow M, Osborne CK, et al. Malignant tumors of the breast. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2001.
始终建议对转移灶进行激素受体(ER 和 PR)和 HER2 neu 状态检测,以确保采用合适的治疗方案,因为原发灶和转移灶状态不一致的发生率达 10%-30%。[45]Rossi S, Basso M, Strippoli A, et al. Hormone receptor status and HER2 expression in primary breast cancer compared with synchronous axillary metastases or recurrent metastatic disease. Clin Breast Cancer. 2015;15:307-312.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25922284?tool=bestpractice.com 当原发灶和转移组织的受体检测结果不一致时,在临床情况和患者治疗目标支持的情况下,最好使用转移灶状态来指导治疗。[46]Van Poznak C, Somerfield MR, Bast RC, et al. Use of biomarkers to guide decisions on systemic therapy for women with metastatic breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:2695-2704.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2015.61.1459http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26195705?tool=bestpractice.com 是否对转移灶进行活检,取决于能否取得转移灶。癌胚抗原、癌抗原 15-3 和癌抗原 27-29 可以与其他评估一并使用以指导治疗,但不能单独使用。
确定治疗时间及侵入性治疗,受转移部位的影响。[47]Gerber B, Freund M, Reimer T. Recurrent breast cancer: treatment strategies for maintaining and prolonging good quality of life. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2010;107:85-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2832109/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20204119?tool=bestpractice.com 一般而言,病变局限于骨骼及软组织时,则病程较为惰性,且存活时间较长。[2]Leone BA, Romero A, Rabinovich MG, et al. Stage IV breast cancer: clinical course and survival of patients with osseous versus extraosseous metastases at initial diagnosis: the GOCS (Grupo Oncologico Cooperativo del Sur) experience. Am J Clin Oncol. 1988,11:618-622.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3055932?tool=bestpractice.com 内脏转移的患者一般病情更加凶险,且存活时间更短。“内脏危象”这一术语被定义为根据症状和体征、实验室检查评估的严重器官功能障碍和疾病快速进展。[33]Cardoso F, Costa A, Senkus E, et al. 3rd ESO-ESMO international consensus guidelines for advanced breast cancer (ABC 3). Ann Oncol. 2017;28:16-33.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5378224/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28177437?tool=bestpractice.com 内脏危象不仅存在内脏转移,还提示重要的脏器损伤,这一临床指征提示患者需接受一种更快速起效的治疗(例如化疗),主要是因为疾病一旦继续进展,可能会导致另一种治疗选择变得不可能。[33]Cardoso F, Costa A, Senkus E, et al. 3rd ESO-ESMO international consensus guidelines for advanced breast cancer (ABC 3). Ann Oncol. 2017;28:16-33.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5378224/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28177437?tool=bestpractice.com
激素敏感型 HER2 阴性转移性乳腺癌
一个被广泛接受的概念是,对于 ER 和/或 PR 阳性、HER2 阴性且肿瘤转移至皮肤、淋巴结或骨的大部分患者,基于内分泌的治疗是首选初始疗法。只要转移并未进展至内脏危象或病情快速进展以致需要迅速控制症状和/或疾病,则基于内分泌的序贯治疗比较简单且不良反应最小。他莫昔芬的不良反应:有高质量证据表明转移性乳腺癌患者对此耐受性好,<3% 的女性因其毒性而需停药。[48]Fossati R, Confalonieri C, Torri V, et al. Cytotoxic and hormonal treatment for metastatic breast cancer: a systematic review of published randomised trials involving 31,510 women. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:3439-3460.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9779724?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 约 3/4 的患者为 ER 阳性,2/3 为 PR 阳性。如果两种受体均阳性,则对激素的有效率为 50%-70%。如果仅一个受体阳性,则反应率约为 33%。[49]Kardinal C, Cole J. Breast cancer. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2008. 为该患者群体提供何种激素治疗取决于绝经状态。
绝经后激素敏感型 HER2 阴性的女性转移性乳腺癌患者
一线选择
在这种情况下,非甾体芳香化酶抑制剂(阿那曲唑或来曲唑)是一线治疗选择。[38]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: breast cancer. http://www.nccn.org/ (last accessed 17 May 2017).http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#site[50]Rugo HS, Rumble B, Macrae E, et al. Endocrine therapy for hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:3069-3103.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2016.67.1487http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27217461?tool=bestpractice.com 纳入多项随机临床试验的 meta 分析提供的数据已表明,在绝经后女性中,芳香化酶抑制剂较他莫昔芬而言,能带来更好的无进展生存情况。[50]Rugo HS, Rumble B, Macrae E, et al. Endocrine therapy for hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:3069-3103.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2016.67.1487http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27217461?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Carlini P, Bria E, Giannarelli D, et al. Aromatase inhibitors in post-menopausal metastatic breast carcinoma. Expert opinion on investigational drugs. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2007;16:1023-1036.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17594187?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Riemsma R, Forbes CA, Kessels A, et al. Systematic review of aromatase inhibitors in the first-line treatment for hormone sensitive advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;123:9-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20535542?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Gibson L, Lawrence D, Dawson C, et al. Aromatase inhibitors for treatment of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD003370.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003370.pub3/abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19821307?tool=bestpractice.com芳香化酶抑药物用于未经内分泌治疗的绝经后转移性乳腺癌患者:有中等质量的证据表明,阿那曲唑作为绝经后激素受体阳性转移性乳腺癌女性一线治疗时,在出现进展的时间 (time to progression, TTP) 方面至少等同于他莫昔芬,且来曲唑相比他莫昔芬来说,显著延长出现进展的时间,但与他莫昔芬相比,在总生存方面无明显差异。[54]Bonneterre J, Thurlimann B, Robertson JF, et al. Anastrozole versus tamoxifen as first-line therapy for advanced breast cancer in 668 postmenopausal women: results of the tamoxifen or Arimidex randomised group efficacy and tolerability study. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:3748-3757.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11078487?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Nabholtz JM, Buzdar A, Pollak M, et al. Anastrozole is superior to tamoxifen as first-line therapy for advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women: results of a North American multicentre randomised trial. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:3758-3767.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11078488?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Mouridsen H, Gershanovich M, Sun Y, et al. Phase III study of letrozole versus tamoxifen as first-line therapy of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women: analysis of survival and update of efficacy from the International Letrozole Breast Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:2101-2109.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12775735?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Mouridsen H, Gershanovich M, Sun Y, et al. Superior efficacy of letrozole (Femara) versus tamoxifen as first-line therapy for postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer: results of a phase III study of the International Letrozole Breast Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:2596-2606.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11352951?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
由于进一步发展,该群体还有其他几种一线治疗选择,包括:
Fulvestrant (a selective oestrogen receptor down-regulator) [
]What are the effects of fulvestrant in women with hormone-sensitive locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1668/full显示答案
或
帕布昔利布或瑞博西尼(CDK4/6 抑制剂)与一种芳香化酶抑制剂联合使用。
CDK4/6 抑制剂(例如,帕布昔利布或瑞博西尼)可调节细胞周期通路,有可能会推迟内分泌耐药。当被加入至芳香化酶抑制剂治疗中时,这在临床上被证明可延长至肿瘤进展时间(中位无进展生存期为 24 个月左右)。目前仍没有可靠的总生存期数据。主要毒副作用是中性粒细胞减少,其发生率很高 (60%),但发热性中性粒细胞减少的发生率极低 (2%),因此这一毒副作用很容易控制,且临床获益很大。[58]Finn RS, Crown JP, Lang I, et al. The cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor palbociclib in combination with letrozole versus letrozole alone as first-line treatment of oestrogen receptor-positive, HER2-negative, advanced breast cancer (PALOMA-1/TRIO-18): a randomised phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:25-35.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470204514711593http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25524798?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Finn RS, Martin M, Rugo HS, et al. Palbociclib and letrozole in advanced breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1925-1936.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27959613?tool=bestpractice.com 帕布昔利布和瑞博西尼均获美国食品药品监督管理局 (FDA) 批准,可联合芳香化酶抑制剂治疗绝经后女性的激素受体 (HR) 阳性、HER2 阴性晚期或转移性乳腺癌。
来自 FIRST 试验的数据也表明,氟维司群治疗较芳香化酶抑制剂单药治疗而言,可能有更大的总生存期获益;[60]Ellis MJ, Llombart-Cussac A, Feltl D, et al. Fulvestrant 500 mg versus anastrozole 1 mg for the first-line treatment of advanced breast cancer: overall survival analysis from the Phase II FIRST Study. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:3781-3787.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2015.61.5831http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26371134?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,当前来自 FALCON 试验的总生存率数据尚未确定。[61]Robertson JF, Bondarenko IM, Trishkina E, et al. Fulvestrant 500 mg versus anastrozole 1 mg for hormone receptor-positive advanced breast cancer (FALCON): an international, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2017;388:2997-3005.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27908454?tool=bestpractice.com
选择性 ER 调节剂他莫昔芬是该群体的另一种替代性一线选择。[38]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: breast cancer. http://www.nccn.org/ (last accessed 17 May 2017).http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#site
二线选择
在进行内分泌治疗时,或在停止内分泌治疗后不久(辅助内分泌治疗结束后<2 年),一旦出现提示进展性疾病的疾病进展,下一线治疗则基于内分泌耐药介导通路(例如 PI3K-Akt-mTOR 通路)的阻滞,以及 CDK4/6 细胞周期抑制剂与氟维司群的联合使用。此时,该疾病属于临床内分泌耐药型转移性乳腺癌。
在这种内分泌耐药的情况下,二线治疗选择包括:[50]Rugo HS, Rumble B, Macrae E, et al. Endocrine therapy for hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:3069-3103.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2016.67.1487http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27217461?tool=bestpractice.com[38]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: breast cancer. http://www.nccn.org/ (last accessed 17 May 2017).http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#site
依维莫司是一种 mTOR 抑制剂,与甾体类芳香化酶抑制剂依西美坦联合使用。这种联合治疗已被证明在患内分泌耐药型转移性乳腺癌的绝经后女性中,较依西美坦加安慰剂治疗而言,可带来更长的无进展生存期。[62]Baselga J, Campone M, Piccart M, et al. Everolimus in postmenopausal hormone-receptor-positive advanced breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:520-529.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1109653http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22149876?tool=bestpractice.com
氟维司群加帕布昔利布这种联合治疗已被证明较氟维司群单药治疗而言,可带来更好的无进展生存获益。[50]Rugo HS, Rumble B, Macrae E, et al. Endocrine therapy for hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:3069-3103.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2016.67.1487http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27217461?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Turner NC, Ro J, André F, et al. Palbociclib in hormone-receptor-positive advanced breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:209-219.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1505270#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26030518?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Cristofanilli M, Turner NC, Bondarenko I, et al. Fulvestrant plus palbociclib versus fulvestrant plus placebo for treatment of hormone-receptor-positive, HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer that progressed on previous endocrine therapy (PALOMA-3): final analysis of the multicentre, double-blind, phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17:425-439.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26947331?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Valachis A, Mauri D, Polyzos NP, et al. Fulvestrant in the treatment of advanced breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2010;73:220-227.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19369092?tool=bestpractice.com
在这个阶段,依西美坦也可用作单药治疗(不与依维莫司联合使用)。
三线选择
四线选择
Chemotherapy may be used at this stage, or at any stage in the treatment if there is visceral crisis due to metastatic disease or worsening tumour burden. Chemotherapy may be associated with prolonged time to progression, but for most patients, endocrine-based therapy is tried first, due to its limited toxicity as well as evidence of improved risk-benefit ratio with the latest drugs. [
]Is there randomized controlled trial evidence to support the use of chemotherapy alone instead of endocrine therapy alone in women with metastatic breast cancer?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.778/full显示答案
绝经前激素敏感型 HER2 阴性转移性乳腺癌女性患者
一线选择
在绝经前激素敏感型 HER2 阴性转移性乳腺癌女性患者中,提供他莫昔芬和/或卵巢去势,直至疾病出现进展。[38]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: breast cancer. http://www.nccn.org/ (last accessed 17 May 2017).http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#site 卵巢去势可通过手术(卵巢切除术)或药物(例如戈舍瑞林等促性腺激素类释放激素激动剂)进行。(手术或放射)卵巢去势与绝经前转移性乳腺癌女性中药物去势:有中等质量证据表明,戈那瑞林类似物与手术(或放射)卵巢去势作为该组患者一线治疗时,二者的存活率无差异。[66]Taylor CW, Green S, Dalton WS, et al. Multicenter randomized clinical trial of goserelin versus surgical ovariectomy in premenopausal patients with receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer: an intergroup study. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:994-999.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9508182?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Boccardo F, Rubagotti A, Perotta A, et al. Ovarian ablation versus goserelin with or without tamoxifen in pre-perimenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer: results of a multicentric Italian study. Ann Oncol.1994;5:337-342.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8075030?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 尚不清楚转移性乳腺癌患者中他莫昔芬或卵巢去势(手术或药物)哪一种药物更好,因此易于治疗及耐受性是重要的考虑因素。(手术或放射)卵巢去势与绝经前转移性乳腺癌女性中应用他莫昔芬:有中等质量证据表明,(手术或放射)卵巢去势与该组患者中应用他莫昔芬做为一线治疗时,二者的有效率、有效时间或存活时间无显著差异。[68]Crump M, Sawka CA, DeBoer G, et al. An individual patient-based meta-analysis of tamoxifen versus ovarian ablation as first-line endocrine therapy for premenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1997;44:201-210.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9266099?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Sawka CA, Pritchard KI, Shelley W, et al. A randomized crossover trial of tamoxifen versus ovarian ablation for metastatic breast cancer in premenopausal women: a report of the National Cancer Institute of Canada clinical trials group trial MA1. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1997;44:211-215.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9266100?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
二线、三线和四线选择
五线选择
HER2 阳性转移性乳腺癌:靶向治疗
对于免疫荧光中 HER2 蛋白呈强阳性或荧光原位杂交 (fluorescence in-situ hybridisation, FISH) 检测中 HER2 基因扩增的肿瘤患者,以 HER2 受体为靶点的治疗是治疗支柱。[70]Wolff AC, Hammond EH, Hicks DG, et al. Recommendations for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 testing in breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:3997-4013.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2013.50.9984http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24101045?tool=bestpractice.com 尚无证据支持将其用于阳性程度较低的患者。罕见的情况下,重复进行组织活检可能会发现此前 HER2-阴性肿瘤转为了阳性。使用目前的方法时,仅 25%-30% 的患者检测结果为阳性,且有证据表明,HER2 过表达可能与他莫昔芬的疗效降低有关。指南建议 HER2 阳性转移性乳腺癌患者接受 HER2 靶向治疗,除非存在个人禁忌因素(例如充血性心力衰竭患者或心室射血分数低的患者可能需要进一步考虑)。[33]Cardoso F, Costa A, Senkus E, et al. 3rd ESO-ESMO international consensus guidelines for advanced breast cancer (ABC 3). Ann Oncol. 2017;28:16-33.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5378224/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28177437?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Giordano SH, Temin S, Kirshner JJ, et al. Systemic therapy for patients with advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:2078-2099.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/32/19/2078.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24799465?tool=bestpractice.com 有数种抗 HER2 药物可用于治疗 HER2 阳性转移性乳腺癌,例如曲妥珠单抗、帕妥珠单抗和拉帕替尼。曲妥珠单抗和帕妥珠单抗在与紫杉烷类联合使用时,均能提供双重或完全 HER2 阻滞,已确立其联合用药作为一线治疗的地位,就提高的反应率和生存率而言,获益显著。一旦出现进展,后线治疗包括继续使用 HER2 靶向治疗,即使用曲妥珠单抗 emtansine、拉帕替尼,或重新开始以曲妥珠单抗为主并联合不同化疗方案的治疗。只要该群体能够耐受作为治疗支柱的 HER2 靶向治疗,就应继续进行该治疗。
曲妥珠单抗
人源化小鼠抗 HER2 蛋白抗体。单药治疗的反应率为 11%-26%,较未经治疗而言,生存获益更大。[72]Cobleigh MA, Vogel CL, Tripathy D, et al. Multinational study of the efficacy and safety of humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody in women who have HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer that has progressed after chemotherapy for metastatic disease. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:2639-2648.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10561337?tool=bestpractice.com 一项有关包含曲妥珠单抗的转移性乳腺癌治疗方案的 Cochrane 评价得出的结论是,曲妥珠单抗延长了 HER2 阳性转移性乳腺癌女性患者的总生存期和无进展生存期,但增加了心脏毒性的风险。[73]Balduzzi S, Mantarro S, Guarneri V, et al. Trastuzumab-containing regimens for metastatic breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(6):CD006242.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006242.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24919460?tool=bestpractice.com 使用曲妥珠单抗作为一线治疗或将其作为辅助治疗用于紫杉烷类治疗方案的研究得出了更好的死亡率结局。
通常静脉给药;不过目前已经有皮下注射制剂,且有数据表明效果不次于静脉给药,患者更易接受。[74]Pivot X, Gligorov J, Müller V, et al; PrefHer Study Group. Preference for subcutaneous or intravenous administration of trastuzumab in patients with HER2-positive early breast cancer (PrefHer): an open-label randomised study. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14:962-970.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23965225?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Ismael G, Hegg R, Muehlbauer S, et al. Subcutaneous versus intravenous administration of (neo)adjuvant trastuzumab in patients with HER2-positive, clinical stage I-III breast cancer (HannaH study): a phase 3, open-label, multicentre, randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:869-878.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22884505?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管美国尚未批准其应用,但皮下型曲妥珠单抗在其他国家已经可以使用了。
帕妥珠单抗
一种人源化单克隆抗体,与 HER2 的胞外二聚体结构域(亚结构域 Ⅱ)结合并因此阻断 HER2 与其他 HER 家族成员(包括表皮生长因子受体、HER3、HER4)的配体依赖性异源二聚化。[76]Baselga J, Cameron D, Miles D, et al. Objective response rate in a phase II multicenter trial of pertuzumab (P), a HER2 dimerization inhibiting monoclonal antibody, in combination with transtuzumab (T) in patients (pts) with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC) which has progressed during treatment with T. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18S):33s. 该药已经显示出效果,且在美国和许多其他国家/地区,已被批准与曲妥珠单抗和多西他赛联合用作此前未因转移性疾病而接受抗 HER2 治疗或化疗的 HER2 阳性转移性乳腺癌患者的一线治疗。[38]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: breast cancer. http://www.nccn.org/ (last accessed 17 May 2017).http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#site[77]Baselga J, Cortés J, Kim SB, et al; CLEOPATRA Study Group. Pertuzumab plus trastuzumab plus docetaxel for metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:109-119.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1113216http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22149875?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Swain S, Kim S, Cortés J, et al. Pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and docetaxel for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (CLEOPATRA study): overall survival results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14:461-471.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23602601?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Swain SM, Baselga J, Kim SB, et al; CLEOPATRA Study Group. Pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and docetaxel in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:724-734.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1413513#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25693012?tool=bestpractice.com 帕妥珠单抗的使用与皮疹和腹泻的高发生率有关。[80]Drucker AM, Wu S, Dang CT, et al. Risk of rash with the anti-HER2 dimerization antibody pertuzumab: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012;135:347-354.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22782294?tool=bestpractice.com
拉帕替尼
如果曲妥珠单抗治疗失败,以 HER1 和 HER2 受体为靶点的双重信号传导阻滞剂拉帕替尼可能有效。[81]Yip AY, Tse LA, Ong EY, et al. Survival benefits from lapatinib therapy in women with HER2-overexpressing breast cancer: a systematic review. Anticancer Drugs. 2010;21:487-493.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20220514?tool=bestpractice.com 与曲妥珠单抗不同的是,拉帕替尼可通过血脑屏障,相比曲妥珠单抗而言有可能改善中枢神经系统病变的治疗。因此,对于脑转移的患者可在曲妥珠单抗前首先应用该药。对于曲妥珠单抗治疗出现进展的转移性乳腺癌患者,拉帕替尼加卡培他滨相比单用卡培他滨而言更有效。[82]Geyer CE, Forster J, Lindquist D, et al. Lapatinib plus capecitabine for HER2-positive advanced breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2733-2743.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa064320#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17192538?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Medina PJ, Goodin S. Lapatinib: a dual inhibitor of human epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases. Clin Ther. 2008;30:1426-1447.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18803986?tool=bestpractice.com 曲妥珠单抗加拉帕替尼双重阻断,可能优于单药治疗。[38]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: breast cancer. http://www.nccn.org/ (last accessed 17 May 2017).http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#site[84]Blackwell KL, Burstein HJ, Storniolo AM, et al. Overall survival benefit with lapatinib in combination with trastuzumab for patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive metastatic breast cancer: final results from the EGF104900 Study. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:2585-2592.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22689807?tool=bestpractice.com HER2-阳性患者中,拉帕替尼加紫杉醇相比单用紫杉醇来说,表现出具有显著且有临床意义的生存获益。[85]Guan Z, Xu B, DeSilvio ML, et al. Randomized trial of lapatinib versus placebo added to paclitaxel in the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:1947-1953.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/31/16/1947.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509322?tool=bestpractice.com
在晚期雌激素受体阳性乳腺癌患者中,在氟维司群的基础上加用拉帕替尼并不能延长无进展生存期或总生存期。这种联合治疗方案与更大的毒性有关,因而并不推荐。[86]Burstein HJ, Cirrincione CT, Barry WT, et al. Endocrine therapy with or without inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial of fulvestrant with or without lapatinib for postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive advanced breast cancer-CALGB 40302 (Alliance). J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:3959-3966.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25348000?tool=bestpractice.com
HER2 阳性转移性乳腺癌包括伴激素敏感型和激素非敏感型疾病
一线选择
当前的治疗标准是采用双重 HER2 阻滞的一线治疗,即同时使用曲妥珠单抗和帕妥珠单抗并联合使用紫杉烷类(多西他赛或紫杉醇)。[71]Giordano SH, Temin S, Kirshner JJ, et al. Systemic therapy for patients with advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:2078-2099.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/32/19/2078.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24799465?tool=bestpractice.com 这与 CLEOPATRA 试验结果相符,该结果表明这种联合治疗较安慰剂加曲妥珠单抗加多西他赛而言,无进展生存获益更大,[77]Baselga J, Cortés J, Kim SB, et al; CLEOPATRA Study Group. Pertuzumab plus trastuzumab plus docetaxel for metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:109-119.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1113216http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22149875?tool=bestpractice.com 而后续数据表明,与安慰剂加曲妥珠单抗加多西他赛相比,联合治疗的总生存获益更大。[79]Swain SM, Baselga J, Kim SB, et al; CLEOPATRA Study Group. Pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and docetaxel in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:724-734.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1413513#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25693012?tool=bestpractice.com 可以考虑将这种联合治疗用于 HER2 阳性转移性乳腺癌患者,无论癌症是否为激素敏感型。[71]Giordano SH, Temin S, Kirshner JJ, et al. Systemic therapy for patients with advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:2078-2099.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/32/19/2078.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24799465?tool=bestpractice.com 可以考虑将曲妥珠单抗单药治疗用于不能耐受联合化疗或体力状态较差的 HER2 阳性、激素阴性的转移性乳腺癌女性患者。不过,对于不适合接受化疗的激素阳性、HER2 阳性转移性乳腺癌女性患者(例如,体力状态较差和/或伴多种共病者),替代性一线治疗是基于内分泌的治疗加曲妥珠单抗。[71]Giordano SH, Temin S, Kirshner JJ, et al. Systemic therapy for patients with advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:2078-2099.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/32/19/2078.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24799465?tool=bestpractice.com 在绝经后女性中,所用药物是芳香化酶抑制剂加曲妥珠单抗。联合使用曲妥珠单抗和芳香化酶抑制剂已被发现较单独使用芳香化酶抑制剂而言,可提高无进展生存率和总反应率。[87]Mackey JR, Kaufman B, Clemens M, et al. Trastuzumab prolongs progression-free survival in hormone dependent and HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2006;100(suppl 1):A3. 在绝经前女性中,所用方案是他莫昔芬和/或卵巢去势加曲妥珠单抗,接着是序贯内分泌治疗(即芳香化酶抑制剂或氟维司群)加曲妥珠单抗。
二线选择
一旦此群体出现疾病进展,无论是激素敏感型还是非敏感型转移性乳腺癌,首选二线治疗都是采用曲妥珠单抗 emtansine 进行治疗。[33]Cardoso F, Costa A, Senkus E, et al. 3rd ESO-ESMO international consensus guidelines for advanced breast cancer (ABC 3). Ann Oncol. 2017;28:16-33.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5378224/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28177437?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Giordano SH, Temin S, Kirshner JJ, et al. Systemic therapy for patients with advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:2078-2099.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/32/19/2078.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24799465?tool=bestpractice.com
曲妥珠单抗emtansine
这是一种结合了曲妥珠单抗的 HER2 靶向性抗肿瘤特性及微管抑制剂 DM1(一种美登素衍生物)的细胞毒性的抗体偶联药物。该偶联物可以选择性地进入 HER2 过表达细胞,导致细胞周期停滞和凋亡。
EMILIA 研究发现,曲妥珠单抗 emtansine 较拉帕替尼加卡培他滨而言,用于此前曾用曲妥珠单抗加紫杉烷类治疗过的患者时,显著延长了无进展生存期和总生存期,且毒性更低。[88]Verma S, Miles D, Gianni L, et al; EMILIA Study Group. Trastuzumab emtansine for HER2-positive advanced breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1783-1791.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1209124http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23020162?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Diéras V, Miles D, Verma S, et al. Trastuzumab emtansine versus capecitabine plus lapatinib in patients with previously treated HER2-positive advanced breast cancer (EMILIA): a descriptive analysis of final overall survival results from a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18:732-742.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470204517303121http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28526536?tool=bestpractice.com 在一项最终的描述性分析中,接受曲妥珠单抗 emtansine 治疗的患者中位总生存期为 29.9 个月,而接受拉帕替尼加卡培他滨治疗的患者中位总生存期为 25.9 个月。[89]Diéras V, Miles D, Verma S, et al. Trastuzumab emtansine versus capecitabine plus lapatinib in patients with previously treated HER2-positive advanced breast cancer (EMILIA): a descriptive analysis of final overall survival results from a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18:732-742.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470204517303121http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28526536?tool=bestpractice.com 一项 Ⅱ 期研究也已经表明,在 HER2 阳性转移性乳腺癌患者中,曲妥珠单抗 emtansine 较曲妥珠单抗加多西他赛而言,具有显著的无进展生存获益,且安全性表现较好。[90]Hurvitz SA, Dirix L, Kocsis J, et al. Phase II randomized study of trastuzumab emtansine versus trastuzumab plus docetaxel in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:1157-1163.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/31/9/1157.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23382472?tool=bestpractice.com
三线选择
一旦出现进一步进展,在已用过帕妥珠单抗和曲妥珠单抗 emtansine 的情况下,还有多种治疗选择。其中包括:[71]Giordano SH, Temin S, Kirshner JJ, et al. Systemic therapy for patients with advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:2078-2099.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/32/19/2078.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24799465?tool=bestpractice.com
也可以考虑其他治疗方案,且治疗方案可能因国家/地区和指南而异。决定采用哪种治疗因人而异,且没有足够证据表明一种选择优于另一种。[71]Giordano SH, Temin S, Kirshner JJ, et al. Systemic therapy for patients with advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:2078-2099.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/32/19/2078.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24799465?tool=bestpractice.com
曲妥珠单抗也可用于病情进展后的跨线继续治疗,且常与多种化疗药物联合使用。[91]von Minckwitz G, du Bois A, Schmidt M, et al. Trastuzumab beyond progression in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive advanced breast cancer: a German Breast Group 26/Breast International Group 03-05 study. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:1999-2006.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2008.19.6618http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19289619?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Gori S, Montemurro F, Spazzapan S, et al. Retreatment with trastuzumab-based therapy after disease progression following lapatinib in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2012;23:1436-1441.https://academic.oup.com/annonc/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/annonc/mdr474http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22039084?tool=bestpractice.com 曲妥珠单抗可联合蒽环类或紫杉烷类,相比单用化疗来说可有效改善有效率及总生存情况。[73]Balduzzi S, Mantarro S, Guarneri V, et al. Trastuzumab-containing regimens for metastatic breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(6):CD006242.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006242.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24919460?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Baselga J, Tripathy D, Mendelsohn J, et al. Phase II study of weekly intravenous recombinant humanized anti-p185HER2 monoclonal antibody in patients with HER2/neu-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14:737-744.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8622019?tool=bestpractice.com 不过,蒽环类与曲妥珠单抗联合会导致心脏毒性增加,因此并不推荐。对于应用化疗加曲妥珠单抗的患者,一个常用的方案是保留曲妥珠单抗、改变化疗药物(如紫杉烷类加曲妥珠单抗治疗中出现进展,则改为长春瑞滨加曲妥珠单抗)。
对于既往采用多种基于抗 HER2 的治疗方案均失败的 HER2 阳性转移性乳腺癌患者,曲妥珠单抗 emtansine 已被证明是有效的三线药物。[94]Krop IE, Kim SB, González-Martín A, et al; TH3RESA study collaborators. Trastuzumab emtansine versus treatment of physician's choice for pretreated HER2-positive advanced breast cancer (TH3RESA): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:689-699.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24793816?tool=bestpractice.com[95]Krop IE, Kim SB, Martin AG, et al. Trastuzumab emtansine versus treatment of physician's choice in patients with previously treated HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (TH3RESA): final overall survival results from a randomised open-label phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18:743-754.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28526538?tool=bestpractice.com
非激素敏感型(ER/PR阴性)、HER2-阴性转移性乳腺癌
一线选择
此患者群体的一线治疗是化疗。[33]Cardoso F, Costa A, Senkus E, et al. 3rd ESO-ESMO international consensus guidelines for advanced breast cancer (ABC 3). Ann Oncol. 2017;28:16-33.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5378224/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28177437?tool=bestpractice.com[38]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: breast cancer. http://www.nccn.org/ (last accessed 17 May 2017).http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#site 治疗类型取决于患者的临床情况、病变部位和既往治疗。年龄较大的患者可以接受单药化疗,而较年轻的患者可以接受联合化疗,尤其是有内脏危象、快速病情进展或需要迅速控制症状和/或疾病时。患者可首先应用蒽环类或紫杉烷类,这根据此前的治疗药物决定。如果患者此前已经用这类药物治疗过,则选择恰当的二线、三线或四线药物。
所有患者群体的化疗相关注意事项
在哪个阶段开始化疗以及是进行单药化疗还是进行联合化疗由多个因素决定,包括是否有证据表明存在内脏危象、快速病情进展或者需要迅速控制症状和/或疾病。治疗药物的选择取决于上述所有因素,且应避免某些副作用——比如对于此前曾有神经病变者应避免使用紫杉醇,因其具有神经毒性。随着时间的推移,大部分患者都会接受多种药物治疗,因此在药物的选择时必须考虑这一点。一般需避免激素类药物与化疗联用,因为加用激素后缺乏已证实的获益。如果对数种化疗方案无反应,且体力状态变差,则一定要加入姑息性或支持性治疗。
单药化疗方案对比联合化疗方案
化疗可联合应用或单药序贯进行,多种化疗药物涉及 20 多种活性药物。有效率为 25%-50%,效果持续时间 6-12 个月。
关于单药序贯化疗与联合化疗的比较,仍存在争议。[96]Cardoso F, Bedard PL, Winer EP, et al; ESO-MBC Task Force. International guidelines for management of metastatic breast cancer: combination vs sequential single-agent chemotherapy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101:1174-1181.http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/101/17/1174.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19657108?tool=bestpractice.com[97]Carrick S, Parker S, Thornton CE, et al. Single agent versus combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(2):CD003372.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003372.pub3/abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370586?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In women with metastatic breast cancer, how does combination compare with sequential single agent chemotherapy for improving outcomes?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1089/full显示答案
一项对 Cochrane 协作网转移性乳腺癌单药化疗与联合化疗进行的回顾性研究报道指出,相比单药化疗而言,联合方案出现进展的间隔期较长、肿瘤缓解率更好、毒性较大、总生存方面有一定改善。[97]Carrick S, Parker S, Thornton CE, et al. Single agent versus combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(2):CD003372.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003372.pub3/abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370586?tool=bestpractice.com 不过,按计划进行交叉治疗方案(AB 药物联用与 A 药物后用 B 药物,两药物进行比较)的随机试验已经表明生存获益较小或无生存获益。[98]Chlebowski RT, Smalley RV, Weiner JM, et al. Combination versus sequential single agent chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer: associations with metastatic sites and long-term survival. Br J Cancer. 1989;59:227-230.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2649130?tool=bestpractice.com[99]Joensuu H, Holli K, Heikkinen M, et al. Combination chemotherapy versus single-agent therapy as first- and second-line treatment in metastatic breast cancer: a prospective randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:3720-3730.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9850014?tool=bestpractice.com 具有生存获益的报道大部分都是首先应用紫杉烷类,这类药物目前是标准的一线单药方案。[100]Cianfrocca M, Gradishar WJ. Counterpoint: the argument for combination chemotherapy in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2007;5:673-675.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17927925?tool=bestpractice.com[101]Conlin AK, Seidman AD. Point: combination versus single-agent chemotherapy: the argument for sequential single agents. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2007;5:668-672.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17927924?tool=bestpractice.com 除非患者具有内脏危象、快速病情进展,或需要迅速控制症状和/或疾病,否则单药序贯治疗是合理的,它能够在降低联合化疗带来的毒性重叠风险的情况下,使得药物剂量最大化。[33]Cardoso F, Costa A, Senkus E, et al. 3rd ESO-ESMO international consensus guidelines for advanced breast cancer (ABC 3). Ann Oncol. 2017;28:16-33.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5378224/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28177437?tool=bestpractice.com[101]Conlin AK, Seidman AD. Point: combination versus single-agent chemotherapy: the argument for sequential single agents. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2007;5:668-672.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17927924?tool=bestpractice.com
联合方案时完全缓解(指所有病变完全消失)很少可以达到,部分缓解(可测得的肿瘤减少 50% 以上)者更常见。有趣的是,出现进展的时间被用作治疗成功的最佳指标。这不仅结合了具有客观缓解的患者,也结合了病变稳定(指无新发肿瘤的情况下,可测得的肿瘤缩小不到 50%)的患者。
单药治疗
除非患者有内脏危象、快速病情进展,或需要迅速控制症状和/或疾病,否则单药序贯化疗是合理的治疗选择。[33]Cardoso F, Costa A, Senkus E, et al. 3rd ESO-ESMO international consensus guidelines for advanced breast cancer (ABC 3). Ann Oncol. 2017;28:16-33.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5378224/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28177437?tool=bestpractice.com[101]Conlin AK, Seidman AD. Point: combination versus single-agent chemotherapy: the argument for sequential single agents. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2007;5:668-672.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17927924?tool=bestpractice.com 蒽环类(例如多柔比星、表柔比星)及紫杉烷类(例如多西紫杉醇、紫杉醇)总有效率:有中等质量临床证据表明,相比非紫杉烷类联合治疗来说,紫杉烷类为主的化疗作为转移性乳腺癌女性一线或二线治疗时,在提高总有效率及延长疾病进展时间方面更为有效。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 具有最大的单药活性,且是首选药物,前提是患者此前未经该类药物治疗过。
聚乙二醇脂质体多柔比星和白蛋白结合型紫杉醇纳米粒这两种较新的药物较其各自本来的母体药物多柔比星和紫杉醇而言,毒性更低,因而近年来被广泛用作转移性乳腺癌的单药治疗。[102]O’Shaughnessy J, Gradishar WJ, Bhar P, et al. Nab-paclitaxel for first-line treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer and poor prognostic factors: a retrospective analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2013;138:829-837.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10549-013-2447-8http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23563958?tool=bestpractice.com[103]O'Brien ME, Wigler N, Inbar M, et al; CAELYX Breast Cancer Study Group. Reduced cardiotoxicity and comparable efficacy in a phase III trial of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin HCl (CAELYX/Doxil) versus conventional doxorubicin for first-line treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2004;15:440-449.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14998846?tool=bestpractice.com
如果患者此前用该类药物治疗过,则可选择合适的二线、三线或四线药物。艾日布林是一种具有独特活性的新型化疗药,已被美国 FDA 批准用于因终末期疾病而接受过至少 2 次化疗的患者的转移性乳腺癌治疗。[104]Cortes J, O'Shaughnessy J, Loesch D, et al. Eribulin monotherapy versus treatment of physician's choice in patients with metastatic breast cancer (EMBRACE): a phase 3 open-label randomised study. Lancet. 2011;377:914-923.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21376385?tool=bestpractice.com 伊沙匹隆在某些国家/地区也已被批准用于治疗经蒽环类药物、紫杉烷类和卡培他滨治疗后出现进展的难治性转移性乳腺癌。[105]Perez EA, Lerzo G, Pivot X, et al. Efficacy and safety of ixabepilone (BMS-247550) in a phase II study of patients with advanced breast cancer resistant to an anthracycline, a taxane, and capecitabine. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3407-3414.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2006.09.3849http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17606974?tool=bestpractice.com
在癌症治疗期间的任何一步中,均应极力考虑开展积极患者教育和招募患者参加临床试验。
联合用药治疗方案
愿意接受可提供最大肿瘤反应率的治疗方案的患者可能会首先联合化疗,尤其是在有内脏危象、快速病情进展,或需要迅速控制症状和/或疾病时,因为联合化疗较单药化疗而言,反应率更高,尽管二次单药挽救治疗在总生存期方面与联合化疗旗鼓相当。[3]Mayer EL, Burstein HJ. Chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2007;21:257-272.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17512448?tool=bestpractice.com
发现有效的最初联合化疗是 CMFVP(环磷酰胺、甲氨蝶呤、氟尿嘧啶、长春新碱及泼尼松龙),后因为毒性问题及效果极小而去掉了长春新碱及泼尼松龙。
随着多柔比星活性的发现,标准化疗方案从 CMF 改为了 CAF(环磷酰胺、多柔比星、氟尿嘧啶),或给药顺序不同时即为 FAC(氟尿嘧啶、多柔比星、环磷酰胺)。
后来,AC 方案(多柔比星、环磷酰胺)成为了新的标准治疗方案。其他曾首先用于二线治疗的联合化疗方案,可能会用作初步治疗,这取决于患者因素。这类方案包括多柔比星加紫杉醇或多西他赛(AT 方案或 AD 方案);卡培他滨加多西他赛(XT 方案);吉西他滨加多西他赛(GT 方案);多西他赛加环磷酰胺(TC 方案)。由于比较熟悉且具有可靠的资料,因此 AC 方案常是转移情况下需化疗患者的首选,通常在此方案后给予紫杉烷类药物(紫杉醇或多西他赛)。
对于年龄较大患者,或者担心具有多柔比星心脏毒性风险的患者,常选择 CMF 方案。对于经蒽环类药物或紫杉烷类治疗后出现进展的患者,可以考虑使用伊沙匹隆加卡培他滨的联合治疗方案。[106]Thomas ES, Gomez HL, Li RK, et al. Ixabepilone plus capecitabine for metastatic breast cancer progressing after anthracycline and taxane treatment. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:5210-5217.http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2007.12.6557http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968020?tool=bestpractice.com 由于缺乏随机对照试验比较,因此这种选择取决于医生的喜好、权衡效果与毒性、并意识到实际上所有患者均会进展并需后续治疗。这类药物大多是静脉用药,大部分女性需静脉输液系统。[49]Kardinal C, Cole J. Breast cancer. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2008.
所有患者的其他治疗注意事项
双磷酸盐或德尼单抗(加补充钙剂及维生素 D)是转移性乳腺癌治疗中的重要部分,不管是从保护激素治疗患者骨骼角度、还是从骨骼转移患者的角度,均是如此。[38]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: breast cancer. http://www.nccn.org/ (last accessed 17 May 2017).http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#site 药物剂量的差异取决于临床目的(例如是用于预防骨质疏松的骨量丢失,还是用于骨转移的治疗)。
双膦酸盐已被证明可减少骨骼相关事件(骨痛和骨折风险)。[107]Coleman R, Body JJ, Aapro M, et al; ESMO Guidelines Working Group. Bone health in cancer patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(suppl 3):iii124-137.https://academic.oup.com/annonc/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/annonc/mdu103http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24782453?tool=bestpractice.com 已知芳香化酶抑制剂可增加骨质流失和骨折率。[108]Theriault RL, Biermann JS, Brown E, et al. NCCN task force report: bone health and cancer care. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2006;4(suppl 2):S1-S20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16737674?tool=bestpractice.com 实际上,很多正在使用芳香化酶抑制剂且有机会选择并愿意服用双膦酸盐的患者会使用芳香化酶抑制剂加双膦酸盐进行治疗。在大部分伴轻度骨质流失的患者中,芳香化酶抑制剂加用双膦酸盐是令人满意的激素治疗。总之,维生素 D、钙剂及双磷酸盐几乎总是用于具有骨质疏松症的转移性乳腺癌女性。这类药物也常用于骨量减少的转移性乳腺癌女性,但很少用于骨密度正常的转移性乳腺癌女性。也应考虑使用双膦酸盐来减少骨转移的并发症。[38]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: breast cancer. http://www.nccn.org/ (last accessed 17 May 2017).http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#site[109]Van Poznak CH, Temin S, Yee GC, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology executive summary of the clinical practice guideline update on the role of bone-modifying agents in metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:1221-1227.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/29/9/1221.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21343561?tool=bestpractice.com
德尼单抗是一种与人 RANKL 结合的人源化 IgG2 单克隆抗体。目前可用做骨质疏松症及高钙血症和骨转移治疗时双磷酸盐的替代品,且似乎不良反应较轻。[38]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: breast cancer. http://www.nccn.org/ (last accessed 17 May 2017).http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#site[109]Van Poznak CH, Temin S, Yee GC, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology executive summary of the clinical practice guideline update on the role of bone-modifying agents in metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:1221-1227.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/29/9/1221.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21343561?tool=bestpractice.com[110]Stopeck AT, Lipton A, Body JJ, et al. Denosumab compared with zoledronic acid for the treatment of bone metastases in patients with advanced breast cancer: a randomized, double-blind study. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:5132-5139.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21060033?tool=bestpractice.com[111]Campbell-Baird C, Lipton A, Sarkeshik M, et al. Incidence of acute phase adverse events following denosumab or intravenous bisphosphonates: results from a randomized, controlled phase II study in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases. Commun Oncol. 2010;7:85-89. 德尼单抗无肾毒性,因此对于肾功能不良的患者可能优于双磷酸盐。[109]Van Poznak CH, Temin S, Yee GC, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology executive summary of the clinical practice guideline update on the role of bone-modifying agents in metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:1221-1227.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/29/9/1221.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21343561?tool=bestpractice.com[112]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Denosumab for the prevention of skeletal-related events in adults with bone metastases from solid tumours. October 2012. http://www.nice.org.uk (last accessed 17 May 2017).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta265/
双膦酸盐和德尼单抗都与颌骨坏死的风险增加有关。骨骼调节治疗前,所有患者均应接受牙科检查并进行适当的牙科治疗。[38]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: breast cancer. http://www.nccn.org/ (last accessed 17 May 2017).http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#site[109]Van Poznak CH, Temin S, Yee GC, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology executive summary of the clinical practice guideline update on the role of bone-modifying agents in metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:1221-1227.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/29/9/1221.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21343561?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the effects of interventions for preventing medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1983/full显示答案
德尼单抗还可能与外耳道骨坏死有关。
因转移性疾病而接受双膦酸盐或德尼单抗治疗的患者也应补充钙剂和维生素 D(例如麦角钙化醇或胆骨化醇)。[38]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: breast cancer. http://www.nccn.org/ (last accessed 17 May 2017).http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#site[109]Van Poznak CH, Temin S, Yee GC, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology executive summary of the clinical practice guideline update on the role of bone-modifying agents in metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:1221-1227.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/29/9/1221.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21343561?tool=bestpractice.com
姑息性或支持性治疗
姑息性放疗可用于治疗转移性乳腺癌患者的疼痛性骨转移、脊髓压迫所致(已经出现或即将出现的)神经系统压迫、脑转移症状、眼部转移所致视力异常、同时存在局部复发所致的疼痛或出血。[113]Danielson B, Winget M, Gao Z, et al. Palliative radiotherapy for women with breast cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2008;20:506-512.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18524556?tool=bestpractice.com[114]Souchon R, Wenz F, Sedlmayer F, et al; German Society of Radiation Oncology (DEGRO). DEGRO practice guidelines for palliative radiotherapy of metastatic breast cancer: bone metastases and metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC). Strahlenther Onkol. 2009;185:417-424.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19714302?tool=bestpractice.com
姑息性手术主要用于预期寿命以月或年(而不是天或周)计算且该药物会改善其生活质量的患者。最常用于手术会使患者达到临床无病状态的局限性病变或用于患者及医生认为该局部病变无法用其他药物治疗的患者。[115]Ruiterkamp J, Voogd AC, Bosscha K, et al. Impact of breast surgery on survival in patients with distant metastases at initial presentation: a systematic review of the literature. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;120:9-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20012891?tool=bestpractice.com