阴茎异常勃起

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Eland IA, van der Lei J, Stricker BH, et al. Incidence of priapism in the general population. Urology. 2001;57:970-972.

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Mantadakis E, Cavender JD, Rogers ZR, et al. Prevalence of priapism in children and adolescents with sickle cell anemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1999;21:518-522.

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Adeyoju AB, Olujohungbe AB, Morris J, et al. Priapism in sickle-cell disease; incidence, risk factors and complications - an international multicentre study. BJU Int. 2002;90:898-902.

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Burnett AL. Pathophysiology of priapism: dysregulatory erection physiology thesis. J Urol. 2003;170:26-34.

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van Driel MF, Beck JJ, Elzevier HW, et al. The treatment of sleep-related painful erections. J Sex Med. 2008;5:909-918.

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1.  Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al; American Urological Association. Guideline on the management of priapism. 2003. http://www.auanet.org (last accessed 22 April 2016).

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2.  Burnett AL, Bivalacqua TJ. Priapism: current principles and practice. Urol Clin North Am. 2007;34:631-642.

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3.  Broderick GA, Kadioglu A, Bivalacqua TJ, et al. Priapism: pathogenesis, epidemiology, and management. J Sex Med. 2010;7:476-500.

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8.  Mantadakis E, Cavender JD, Rogers ZR, et al. Prevalence of priapism in children and adolescents with sickle cell anemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1999;21:518-522.

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9.  Adeyoju AB, Olujohungbe AB, Morris J, et al. Priapism in sickle-cell disease; incidence, risk factors and complications - an international multicentre study. BJU Int. 2002;90:898-902.

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25.  Jesus LE, Dekermacher S. Priapism in children: review of pathophysiology and treatment. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2009;85:194-200.

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32.  Bivalacqua TJ, Musicki B, Champion HC, et al. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor therapy for priapism. In: Carson CC III, Kirby RS, Goldstein R, et al, eds. Textbook of erectile dysfunction. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Informa Healthcare; 2009:428-433.

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36.  Bastuba MD, Saenz de Tejada I, Dinlenc CZ, et al. Arterial priapism: diagnosis, treatment and long-term followup. J Urol. 1994;151:1231-1237.

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38.  Burnett AL. Surgical management of ischemic priapism. J Sex Med. 2012;9:114-120.

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39.  Brant WO, Garcia MM, Bella AJ, et al. T-shaped shunt and intracavernous tunneling for prolonged ischemic priapism. J Urol. 2009;181:1699-1705.

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40.  Burnett AL, Pierorazio PM. Corporal "snake" maneuver: corporoglanular shunt surgical modification for ischemic priapism. J Sex Med. 2009;6:1171-1176.

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41.  Ralph DJ, Garaffa G, Muneer A, et al. The immediate insertion of a penile prosthesis for acute ischaemic priapism. Eur Urol. 2009;56:1033-1038.

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42.  Monga M, Broderick GA, Hellstrom WJ. Priapism in sickle cell disease: the case for early implantation of the penile prosthesis. Eur Urol. 1996;30:54-59.

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43.  Montague DK, Angermeier KW. Corporeal excavation: new technique for penile prosthesis implantation in men with severe corporeal fibrosis. Urology. 2006;67:1072-1075.

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44.  Rees RW, Kalsi J, Minhas S, et al. The management of low-flow priapism with the immediate insertion of a penile prosthesis. BJU Int. 2002;90:893-897.

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45.  Tausch TJ, Evans LA, Morey AF. Immediate insertion of a semirigid penile prosthesis for refractory ischemic priapism. Mil Med. 2007;172:1211-1212.

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47.  European Medicines Agency. European Medicines Agency recommends suspension of marketing authorisations for oral ketoconazole. July 2013. http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/ (last accessed 22 April 2016).

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48.  Chinegwundoh F, Anie KA. Treatments for priapism in boys and men with sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(4):CD004198.

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49.  Burnett AL, Bivalacqua TJ, Champion HC, et al. Long-term oral phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor therapy alleviates recurrent priapism. Urology. 2006;67:1043-1048.

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50.  Rourke KF, Fischler AH, Jordan GH. Treatment of recurrent idiopathic priapism with oral baclofen. J Urol. 2002;168:2552-2553.

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51.  Denys P, Mane M, Azouvi P, et al. Side effects of chronic intrathecal baclofen on erection and ejaculation in patients with spinal cord lesions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79:494-496.

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52.  D'Aleo G, Rifici C, Kofler M, et al. Favorable response to intrathecal, but not oral, baclofen of priapism in a patient with spinal cord injury. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009;34:E127-E129.

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53.  van Driel MF, Beck JJ, Elzevier HW, et al. The treatment of sleep-related painful erections. J Sex Med. 2008;5:909-918.

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54.  Champion HC, Bivalacqua TJ, Takimoto E, et al. Phosphodiesterase-5A dysregulation in penile erectile tissue is a mechanism of priapism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102:1661-1666.

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55.  Burnett AL, Bivalacqua TJ, Champion HC, et al. Feasibility of the use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors in a pharmacologic prevention program for recurrent priapism. J Sex Med. 2006;3:1077-1084.

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