缺血性阴茎异常勃起
阴茎异常勃起最常见的并发症是完全性勃起功能障碍,有报道称其发生率达59%。[1]Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al; American Urological Association. Guideline on the management of priapism. 2003. http://www.auanet.org (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Priapism.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501756?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Bivalacqua TJ, Burnett AL. Priapism: new concepts in the pathophysiology and new treatment strategies. Curr Urol Rep. 2006;7:497-502.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17052448?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Berger R, Billups K, Brock G, et al; AFUD Thought Leader Panel on Evaluation and Treatment of Priapism. Report of the American Foundation for Urologic Disease (AFUD) Thought Leader Panel for evaluation and treatment of priapism. Int J Impot Res. 2001;13(suppl 5):S39-S43.http://www.nature.com/ijir/journal/v13/n5s/pdf/3900777a.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11781746?tool=bestpractice.com因此,要保留阴茎异常勃起患者的勃起功能,最关键的是要进行及时、积极的治疗,预防复发。[31]Bivalacqua TJ, Burnett AL. Priapism: new concepts in the pathophysiology and new treatment strategies. Curr Urol Rep. 2006;7:497-502.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17052448?tool=bestpractice.com在发病后12到24小时内进行治疗要比延迟治疗能获得更好的疗效。阴茎异常勃起发生时间过长(大于36小时)和反复发作的患者易发生勃起功能障碍,因为阴茎平滑肌和纤维组织发生了损伤。阴茎缺血时间超过24小时会导致不可逆的内皮细胞和平滑肌坏死,进而导致不同程度的阴茎纤维化。[61]Spycher MA, Hauri D. The ultrastructure of the erectile tissue in priapism. J Urol. 1986;135:142-147.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3941454?tool=bestpractice.com如果缺血性阴茎异常勃起患者未得到治疗,那么将会发生完全的阴茎纤维化和完全勃起功能障碍。这些患者最终可能需要行阴茎假体植入术,因为药物治疗几乎无效。[1]Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al; American Urological Association. Guideline on the management of priapism. 2003. http://www.auanet.org (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Priapism.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501756?tool=bestpractice.com对缺血性和复发性阴茎异常勃起患者进行及时的诊治可以保证良好的预后。
对于保守治疗无效,需要性分流手术的阴茎异常勃起患者,手术成功率为50%-65%。对于所有治疗方法都无效且发生了不可逆的勃起功能障碍的患者,阴茎假体植入术是唯一可行的治疗方法。对缺血性和复发性阴茎异常勃起患者进行及时的诊治可以保证良好的预后。
非缺血性阴茎异常勃起
有报道称未获得治疗的非缺血性阴茎异常勃起患者发生自愈的概率高达62%,但仍有三分之一的患者可能发生勃起功能障碍。
在采用介入栓塞治疗的患者中,数据显示其治疗效果与手术过程相关。报道称采用永久栓塞治疗的非缺血性阴茎异常勃起的有效率为78%,但是仍有39%的患者会发生勃起功能障碍。采用暂时性栓塞治疗的患者有效率为74%,但是只有5%的患者发生了勃起功能障碍。[1]Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al; American Urological Association. Guideline on the management of priapism. 2003. http://www.auanet.org (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Priapism.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501756?tool=bestpractice.com
间歇性阴茎异常勃起
阴茎异常勃起的发病时长和频率决定了阴茎损伤的范围、程度和发生勃起功能障碍的可能。阴茎血供障碍常由反复的阴茎异常勃起和长时间发作造成,而不是由手术操作造成。[1]Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al; American Urological Association. Guideline on the management of priapism. 2003. http://www.auanet.org (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Priapism.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501756?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Broderick GA, Kadioglu A, Bivalacqua TJ, et al. Priapism: pathogenesis, epidemiology, and management. J Sex Med. 2010;7:476-500.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20092449?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Bivalacqua TJ, Burnett AL. Priapism. In: Graham SD, Glen JF, eds. Glenn’s urologic surgery. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010:487-491.当患者已进展为缺血性阴茎异常勃起的延长期时,一些专家认为,立即行阴茎假体植入术的获益程度优于分流手术。[1]Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al; American Urological Association. Guideline on the management of priapism. 2003. http://www.auanet.org (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Priapism.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501756?tool=bestpractice.com很多患者都可见阴茎严重的纤维化,这使得手术难度加大,并发症发生率升高。[44]Rees RW, Kalsi J, Minhas S, et al. The management of low-flow priapism with the immediate insertion of a penile prosthesis. BJU Int. 2002;90:893-897.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12460352?tool=bestpractice.com[1]Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al; American Urological Association. Guideline on the management of priapism. 2003. http://www.auanet.org (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Priapism.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501756?tool=bestpractice.com间歇性阴茎异常勃起的治疗方式应参考缺血性阴茎异常勃起,治疗要以预防未来发作为目的。