阴茎异常勃起的最常见症状是完全性勃起功能障碍(ED),目前报道其发生率高达59%。[1]Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al; American Urological Association. Guideline on the management of priapism. 2003. http://www.auanet.org (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Priapism.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501756?tool=bestpractice.com因此,保证阴茎异常勃起患者勃起功能的最关键措施是及时的治疗和预防再次发作。治疗缺血性阴茎异常勃起的首要目的是解除海绵体内过高的压力和减少疼痛,这样可以减少缺血和组织损伤或坏死的风险。[1]Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al; American Urological Association. Guideline on the management of priapism. 2003. http://www.auanet.org (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Priapism.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501756?tool=bestpractice.com
阴茎异常勃起治疗方法的选择取决于疾病分型是缺血性、非缺血性还是间歇性。当缺血性阴茎异常勃起持续时间超过4小时,我们需要急诊紧急处理,缺血性或间歇性阴茎异常勃起持续时间不足4小时,我们也不能忽视它。间歇性阴茎异常勃起治疗的延误和反复的发作会导致海绵体的细胞、分子和形态发生改变,之后会引起组织损伤,并增加发生ED的风险。[28]Bivalacqua TJ, Burnett AL. Priapism. In: Graham SD, Glen JF, eds. Glenn’s urologic surgery. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010:487-491.对于所有缺血性阴茎异常勃起患者,及时的治疗是非常重要的。
缺血性阴茎异常勃起
对于缺血性阴茎异常勃起持续达4小时,观察和治疗都是可选的处理方案,选择哪种方案取决于临床医生的意见或患者的情况。[28]Bivalacqua TJ, Burnett AL. Priapism. In: Graham SD, Glen JF, eds. Glenn’s urologic surgery. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010:487-491.然而,治疗的延误会导致组织损伤,使患者发生 ED 的风险增加。因此,所有缺血性或间歇性阴茎异常勃起的发作都应该得到及时的治疗。缺血性阴茎异常勃起持续时间超过4小时需要急诊紧急处理。它的治疗应该是通过步进式方式得到及时解决。[1]Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al; American Urological Association. Guideline on the management of priapism. 2003. http://www.auanet.org (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Priapism.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501756?tool=bestpractice.com
治疗方式
首选的治疗方法是阴茎海绵体内抽吸淤血、灌洗,并在海绵体内注射α肾上腺素拟交感类药物。[1]Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al; American Urological Association. Guideline on the management of priapism. 2003. http://www.auanet.org (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Priapism.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501756?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 阴茎血抽吸技术(将海绵体穿刺针放置在可以起到最大灌洗效果的地方)Arthur L. Burnett, MD, FACS [Citation ends].麻醉时,应该在阴茎背神经前阻滞或在阴茎根部给药。[4]Berger R, Billups K, Brock G, et al; AFUD Thought Leader Panel on Evaluation and Treatment of Priapism. Report of the American Foundation for Urologic Disease (AFUD) Thought Leader Panel for evaluation and treatment of priapism. Int J Impot Res. 2001;13(suppl 5):S39-S43.http://www.nature.com/ijir/journal/v13/n5s/pdf/3900777a.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11781746?tool=bestpractice.com
在将头皮静脉针(16号或18号)直接插入海绵体后,抽吸可以与海绵体血气分析同时进行。可能同时进行使用普通生理盐水或拟交感类药物的灌注排出积血。阴茎异常勃起的治疗效果:关于抽吸伴或不伴灌洗对于阴茎异常勃起的治疗有效率的支持数据很少,大约可以治愈30%的缺血性阴茎异常勃起。[1]Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al; American Urological Association. Guideline on the management of priapism. 2003. http://www.auanet.org (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Priapism.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501756?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
向下压勃起阴茎头可以帮助我们更容易进行抽血、灌洗。向下压龟头时应注意不要使穿刺针脱离阴茎。如果穿刺针脱离,还需再次放置穿刺针引流积血。
应进行几小时的重复抽吸、灌洗和注射拟交感类药物,直至手术开始。[18]Fassbinder W, Frei U, Issantier R, et al. Factors predisposing to priapism in haemodialysis patients. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc. 1976;12:380-386.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/935127?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Burnett AL. Priapism. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, et al, eds. Campbell-Walsh urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:839-849.
文献综述显示对缺血性阴茎异常勃起患者行拟交感神经类药物注射伴或不伴灌洗的治疗有效率为43%-81%,高于只行抽吸伴或不伴灌洗的治疗有效率(24%-36%)。[1]Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al; American Urological Association. Guideline on the management of priapism. 2003. http://www.auanet.org (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Priapism.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501756?tool=bestpractice.com
苯肾上腺素是一种被推荐的拟交感类药物,因为它的心血管副作用风险相对其他药物低。阴茎异常勃起的治疗效果:关于海绵体内注射拟交感类药物对于阴茎异常勃起的治疗有效率的支持数据很少,单纯药物注射不伴抽吸或灌洗的有效率约有58%;药物注射联合抽吸的有效率约有77%。[1]Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al; American Urological Association. Guideline on the management of priapism. 2003. http://www.auanet.org (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Priapism.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501756?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。如果在没有苯肾上腺素的情况下,可以使用其他α肾上腺素激动剂,如麻黄碱、肾上腺素、 去甲肾上腺素或间羟胺,也会产生相似结果。
如果治疗时间较长(一般是1小时)且苯肾上腺素使用剂量较高时(一般是治疗1小时后稀释的苯肾上腺素剂量达1000μg)阴茎仍肿胀,此时应该行多普勒超声检查评估阴茎内动脉血流情况。[1]Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al; American Urological Association. Guideline on the management of priapism. 2003. http://www.auanet.org (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Priapism.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501756?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Burnett AL, Bivalacqua TJ. Priapism: current principles and practice. Urol Clin North Am. 2007;34:631-642.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17983902?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Berger R, Billups K, Brock G, et al; AFUD Thought Leader Panel on Evaluation and Treatment of Priapism. Report of the American Foundation for Urologic Disease (AFUD) Thought Leader Panel for evaluation and treatment of priapism. Int J Impot Res. 2001;13(suppl 5):S39-S43.http://www.nature.com/ijir/journal/v13/n5s/pdf/3900777a.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11781746?tool=bestpractice.com如果缺血性阴茎异常勃起患者在行抽吸和灌洗消肿治疗后阴茎仍肿胀、水肿,此时应行超声检查明确海绵体内积血是否已排除。
对于镰状细胞贫血病引起的阴茎异常勃起,静脉输液、给氧、补碱、输血等治疗也是必要的。但是,仍需先行抽吸/灌洗,联合海绵体注射α受体激动剂等一线治疗方法,再行以上治疗。[1]Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al; American Urological Association. Guideline on the management of priapism. 2003. http://www.auanet.org (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Priapism.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501756?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Mantadakis E, Ewalt DH, Cavender JD, et al. Outpatient penile aspiration and epinephrine irrigation for young patients with sickle cell anemia and prolonged priapism. Blood. 2000;95:78-82.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/95/1/78http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10607688?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Burnett AL, Bivalacqua TJ. Priapism: current principles and practice. Urol Clin North Am. 2007;34:631-642.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17983902?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Berger R, Billups K, Brock G, et al; AFUD Thought Leader Panel on Evaluation and Treatment of Priapism. Report of the American Foundation for Urologic Disease (AFUD) Thought Leader Panel for evaluation and treatment of priapism. Int J Impot Res. 2001;13(suppl 5):S39-S43.http://www.nature.com/ijir/journal/v13/n5s/pdf/3900777a.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11781746?tool=bestpractice.com
长时间(大于48小时)的缺血性阴茎异常勃起一般无法通过海绵体内注射/灌洗治疗好转,所以对于这样的患者应首选手术治疗。[1]Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al; American Urological Association. Guideline on the management of priapism. 2003. http://www.auanet.org (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Priapism.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501756?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Berger R, Billups K, Brock G, et al; AFUD Thought Leader Panel on Evaluation and Treatment of Priapism. Report of the American Foundation for Urologic Disease (AFUD) Thought Leader Panel for evaluation and treatment of priapism. Int J Impot Res. 2001;13(suppl 5):S39-S43.http://www.nature.com/ijir/journal/v13/n5s/pdf/3900777a.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11781746?tool=bestpractice.com
分流手术方法
缺血性或复发性阴茎异常勃起在临床治疗困难时可以选择手术治疗。行手术治疗前,使患者呈截石位,并将穿刺针放置在海绵体的近端和远端,为达到最大程度的行海绵体灌洗提供了另一种方法,尽管这种方法需要在全麻下进行。[1]Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al; American Urological Association. Guideline on the management of priapism. 2003. http://www.auanet.org (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Priapism.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501756?tool=bestpractice.com
手术的目的是创造一个通道或瘘,可以使陈旧缺氧的血液从海绵体内引流出去。[1]Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al; American Urological Association. Guideline on the management of priapism. 2003. http://www.auanet.org (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Priapism.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501756?tool=bestpractice.com有4种分流方法:经皮远端分流,开放远端分流,开放近端分流,静脉吻合/分流。[38]Burnett AL. Surgical management of ischemic priapism. J Sex Med. 2012;9:114-120.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22221308?tool=bestpractice.com当远端分流失败时应立即改行近端分流。
经皮阴茎海绵体阴茎头分流应作为首选,因为它方法简单且相对于其他方法并发症更少。Winter分流法使用大号活检针或活检枪经皮穿刺到达阴茎头。其他的方法还包括Ebbehoj分流法(与温特分流相似,但是使用的是尖刀而不是大孔径活检针)和T分流,可以建立或不建立海绵体内通道。[39]Brant WO, Garcia MM, Bella AJ, et al. T-shaped shunt and intracavernous tunneling for prolonged ischemic priapism. J Urol. 2009;181:1699-1705.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19233430?tool=bestpractice.com
如果之前提到的远端分流方法都无效,可以选择开放远端分流法。Al-Ghorab分流法是在阴茎海绵体头端切开一块白膜。在2009年,有人对阴茎海绵体阴茎头Al-Ghorab分流法进行了改良,称其为“snake”方法。[40]Burnett AL, Pierorazio PM. Corporal "snake" maneuver: corporoglanular shunt surgical modification for ischemic priapism. J Sex Med. 2009;6:1171-1176.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19207268?tool=bestpractice.com
静脉吻合/分流应该是最后考虑的方法。Grayhack分流是将阴茎海绵体和大隐静脉吻合,Barry分流是将阴茎海绵体和背深静脉吻合。
2012年发布的指南建议对难治性阴茎异常勃起的患者使用更激进的方法,主要是把阴茎海绵体近端和远端都与静脉做分流,从而尽可能又快又安全的使阴茎松软。[38]Burnett AL. Surgical management of ischemic priapism. J Sex Med. 2012;9:114-120.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22221308?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Broderick GA, Kadioglu A, Bivalacqua TJ, et al. Priapism: pathogenesis, epidemiology, and management. J Sex Med. 2010;7:476-500.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20092449?tool=bestpractice.com
所有的分流手术在围手术期和术后都要使用抗生素。[28]Bivalacqua TJ, Burnett AL. Priapism. In: Graham SD, Glen JF, eds. Glenn’s urologic surgery. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010:487-491.
只有在首选的治疗方法失败后才选择手术治疗,研究证实改良的远端分流术对于持续时间过长(大于24小时)的阴茎异常勃起是一种非常有效的治疗方法。改良方法包括在海绵体内建立分流通道并与远端分流法相结合,可以使积血引流更彻底,并为勃起功能的恢复提供机会,即便是在患者症状很重的时候。[38]Burnett AL. Surgical management of ischemic priapism. J Sex Med. 2012;9:114-120.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22221308?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Brant WO, Garcia MM, Bella AJ, et al. T-shaped shunt and intracavernous tunneling for prolonged ischemic priapism. J Urol. 2009;181:1699-1705.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19233430?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Burnett AL, Pierorazio PM. Corporal "snake" maneuver: corporoglanular shunt surgical modification for ischemic priapism. J Sex Med. 2009;6:1171-1176.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19207268?tool=bestpractice.com
这些改良远端分流法包括Burnett“snake”方法和T分流方法,伴有或不伴有建立通道。长期的研究结果显示这些手术方式可以作为长时间(大于24小时)或复发性阴茎异常勃起患者的首选治疗方法。[31]Bivalacqua TJ, Burnett AL. Priapism: new concepts in the pathophysiology and new treatment strategies. Curr Urol Rep. 2006;7:497-502.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17052448?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Ricciardi R Jr, Bhatt GM, Cynamon J, et al. Delayed high flow priapism: pathophysiology and management. J Urol. 1993;149:119-121.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8417190?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 治疗缺血性阴茎异常勃起的分流手术类型Helen R. Levey, DO, MPH [Citation ends].
阴茎假体
目前对于阴茎异常勃起患者,没有明确的指征说明哪种患者需行阴茎假体植入术。
对于超过72小时的超长时间阴茎异常勃起,或是难治性的缺血性阴茎异常勃起反复发作患者,可以将阴茎假体植入术作为首选治疗方案,这样还能恢复性功能。
在这些发生超长时间(大于72小时)阴茎勃起的患者中,有可能发生完全性勃起功能障碍。
对于反复发作的难治性缺血性阴茎异常勃起,且进行过手术治疗(无论是反复抽吸、灌洗或是更具侵入性的分流手术)的患者,一些专家建议阴茎假体植入术比再次行分流手术更适合。[41]Ralph DJ, Garaffa G, Muneer A, et al. The immediate insertion of a penile prosthesis for acute ischaemic priapism. Eur Urol. 2009;56:1033-1038.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18930579?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Monga M, Broderick GA, Hellstrom WJ. Priapism in sickle cell disease: the case for early implantation of the penile prosthesis. Eur Urol. 1996;30:54-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8854068?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Montague DK, Angermeier KW. Corporeal excavation: new technique for penile prosthesis implantation in men with severe corporeal fibrosis. Urology. 2006;67:1072-1075.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16581112?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Rees RW, Kalsi J, Minhas S, et al. The management of low-flow priapism with the immediate insertion of a penile prosthesis. BJU Int. 2002;90:893-897.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12460352?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Tausch TJ, Evans LA, Morey AF. Immediate insertion of a semirigid penile prosthesis for refractory ischemic priapism. Mil Med. 2007;172:1211-1212.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18062399?tool=bestpractice.com
非缺血性阴茎异常勃起
非缺血性阴茎异常勃起的初始治疗应该是观察。[1]Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al; American Urological Association. Guideline on the management of priapism. 2003. http://www.auanet.org (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Priapism.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501756?tool=bestpractice.com阴茎异常勃起的治疗效果:关于在非缺血性阴茎异常勃起发作后,单纯观察可以自愈的概率约为62%,但证据不足。[1]Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al; American Urological Association. Guideline on the management of priapism. 2003. http://www.auanet.org (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Priapism.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501756?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。如果患者选择治疗,那么可以考虑海绵体动脉栓塞治疗。对于非缺血性阴茎异常勃起患者,虽然抽吸可以作为诊断方法,但是不建议行抽吸治疗。[1]Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al; American Urological Association. Guideline on the management of priapism. 2003. http://www.auanet.org (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Priapism.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501756?tool=bestpractice.com尽管在患者的要求下可以行即刻的有创治疗,但是术前我们应该告知患者:此病有自愈可能,治疗后可能会引起勃起功能障碍,即使延迟治疗发生并发症的可能性也很小。
在患者知情后仍选择有创治疗时,推荐行选择性动脉介入栓塞。[1]Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al; American Urological Association. Guideline on the management of priapism. 2003. http://www.auanet.org (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Priapism.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501756?tool=bestpractice.com非永久性(如自体栓塞剂、可吸收凝胶)和永久性(如线圈、乙醇、聚乙烯醇和丙烯酸胶)栓塞剂都可以使用。总体有效率可达75%。但是更推荐使用非永久性栓塞剂,因为它发生勃起功能障碍的概率小。阴茎异常勃起的治疗效果:关于在非缺血性阴茎异常勃起发作后,选择性动脉介入栓塞的治愈率为74%-78%,但证据不足。[1]Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al; American Urological Association. Guideline on the management of priapism. 2003. http://www.auanet.org (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Priapism.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501756?tool=bestpractice.com勃起功能障碍发生情况:非永久性栓塞材料相对于永久性栓塞材料引起勃起功能障碍的概率更低(分别为5%和39%),但是循证医学证据质量较差。[1]Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al; American Urological Association. Guideline on the management of priapism. 2003. http://www.auanet.org (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Priapism.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501756?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
对非缺血性阴茎异常勃起,手术治疗应该最后考虑。手术方式常包括将海绵体瘘或假性动脉瘤结扎。手术治疗时常需要术中超声辅助。[1]Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al; American Urological Association. Guideline on the management of priapism. 2003. http://www.auanet.org (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Priapism.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501756?tool=bestpractice.com
复发性(间歇性)阴茎异常勃起
治疗方法应该以预防复发为目的,对于每次发作时的治疗方法可以参考缺血性阴茎异常勃起。
抗雄激素药物、5α还原酶抑制剂、促性腺激素释放激素激动剂可以用于预防复发,患者可以自行海绵体内注射拟交感类药物,这种治疗方式对于间歇性阴茎异常勃起的患者效果确切。[1]Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al; American Urological Association. Guideline on the management of priapism. 2003. http://www.auanet.org (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Priapism.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501756?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Berger R, Billups K, Brock G, et al; AFUD Thought Leader Panel on Evaluation and Treatment of Priapism. Report of the American Foundation for Urologic Disease (AFUD) Thought Leader Panel for evaluation and treatment of priapism. Int J Impot Res. 2001;13(suppl 5):S39-S43.http://www.nature.com/ijir/journal/v13/n5s/pdf/3900777a.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11781746?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Burnett AL, Bivalacqua TJ. Priapism: current principles and practice. Urol Clin North Am. 2007;34:631-642.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17983902?tool=bestpractice.com
可以长期使用促性腺激素释放激素激动剂或抗雄药物,伴有或不伴有在急性发病时间断自行海绵体注射拟交感类药物,直到治疗起效(通常需2-4周)。[34]Burnett AL. Priapism. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, et al, eds. Campbell-Walsh urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:839-849.但是这种方法只限应用于成人。激素药物治疗不可应用于未发育至性成熟的患者。过去曾用氟他胺和酮康唑治疗此病。酮康唑可以引起严重肝损伤和肾上腺功能不全。在2013年7月,欧洲药物管理委员会的人用药品委员会不建议口服酮康唑治疗真菌感染,因为它的风险比获益要大。因此,目前在一些国家口服酮康唑已经禁止或受限。此推荐不适用于其他疾病。[46]Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. Press release: oral ketoconazole-containing medicines should no longer be used for fungal infections. July 2013. http://www.mhra.gov.uk/ (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20141205150130/http://www.mhra.gov.uk/NewsCentre/Pressreleases/CON297530[47]European Medicines Agency. European Medicines Agency recommends suspension of marketing authorisations for oral ketoconazole. July 2013. http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/ (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/news_and_events/news/2013/07/news_detail_001855.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058004d5c1酮康唑在合并肝病的患者中禁用。如果使用此药,治疗前和治疗期间需严密监测肝功能和肾上腺功能。我们需要寻求其他可以预防复发的治疗方法。[1]Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al; American Urological Association. Guideline on the management of priapism. 2003. http://www.auanet.org (last accessed 22 April 2016).http://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Priapism.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501756?tool=bestpractice.com这种治疗方式可以暂停数月以评估阴茎异常勃起是否复发,如果复发的话,可以再次开始治疗。然而,关于此类药物的有效性和安全性的报道非常少,并且没有此类药物曾进行过临床对照研究。只有一个随机对照研究关于药物乙烯雌酚(DES),它是一种人工合成的雌激素,曾用于治疗间歇性阴茎异常勃起。此研究显示乙烯雌酚可以使所有间歇性阴茎异常勃起的发作停止,但是在治疗结束后有超过50%(5/9)的患者再次发作。[48]Chinegwundoh F, Anie KA. Treatments for priapism in boys and men with sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(4):CD004198.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15495085?tool=bestpractice.com
反复发作或拒绝系统治疗的患者可以考虑海绵体内自行注射苯肾上腺素或其他拟交感类药物(如麻黄碱、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、间羟胺)。这样的患者应该了解拟交感类药物的作用和不良反应。如果突发阴茎异常勃起,患者可以参照医院的方式在家里自行注射药物。如果发病超过3小时应及时就诊,因为尽快治疗非常必要。
有报道关于间歇性阴茎异常勃起已有很多有效的治疗方法。包括激素类药物、亚甲蓝、地高辛、加巴喷丁、巴氯芬、磷酸二酯酶5抑制剂和溶栓药物。尽管有希望,但是目前针对以上治疗没有充分的数据支持,因此这些治疗目前仍在摸索中。