96% 新生儿会有先天性包茎,仅 50% 新生儿男孩可见龟头顶部。[3]Gairdner D. The fate of the foreskin. A study of circumcision. Br Med J. 1949;2:1433-1437.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2051968/pdf/brmedj03656-0009.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15408299?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 生理性包茎来自医学博士 (MD) Nicol Corbin Bush 收集的资料 [Citation ends].一项前瞻性研究对丹麦 1000 多名男孩进行了为期 8 年以上的随访,发现 6~7 岁的男孩中有 8% 患有先天性包茎。而该组男孩在 16~17 岁时包茎发生率降低为 1%。[4]Øster J. Further fate of the foreskin. Incidence of preputial adhesions, phimosis, and smegma among Danish schoolboys. Arch Dis Child. 1968;43:200-203.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2019851/pdf/archdisch01557-0066.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5689532?tool=bestpractice.com据报告,在日本,1~3 个月大的婴儿中先天性包茎的发生率为 88.5%,3 岁男孩的发生率为 35%。[5]Imamura E. Phimosis of infants and young children in Japan. Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1997;39:403-405.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9316279?tool=bestpractice.com所报告的后天性包茎的发生率差别很大。差别很大的原因很可能是在之后的统计分析中纳入了先天性包茎患者,但普遍报告未割包皮男性的后天性包茎发生率为 1%。[6]Spilsbury K, Semmens JB, Wisniewski ZS, et al. Circumcision for phimosis and other medical indications in Western Australian boys. Med J Aust. 2003;178:155-158.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12580740?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Shankar KR, Rickwood AM. The incidence of phimosis in boys. BJU Int. 1999;84:101-102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10444134?tool=bestpractice.com嵌顿包茎仅见于未割包皮或割部分包皮的男性。尚不知其真正的发生率。据估计,每 200 名男性中约有 1 名出现尿道下裂,大部分患者为远端型尿道下裂。[8]Snodgrass WT, Bush NC. Hypospadias. In: Snodgrass WT, ed. Pediatric urology: evidence for optimal patient management. New York, NY: Springer; 2013:117-152.先天性阴茎弯曲 > 30 度被认为有临床意义。[9]European Association of Urology, European Society for Paediatric Urology. Guidelines on paediatric urology. 2017. http://uroweb.org/ (last accessed 28 August 2017).http://uroweb.org/guideline/paediatric-urology/先天性阴茎弯曲和/或扭转的发生率约为 0.6%。[10]Tekgul S, Riedmiller H, Gerharz E, et al. Congenital penile curvature. In: Tekgul S, Riedmiller H, Gerharz E, et al, eds. Guidelines on paediatric urology. Arnhem, The Netherlands: European Association of Urology, European Society for Paediatric Urology; 2009:22-23.先天性埋藏式阴茎(巨包皮)不常见。尚不知其真正的发生率。