肠梗阻

Livingston EH, Passaro EP Jr. Postoperative ileus. Dig Dis Sci. 1990;35:121-132.

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Senagore AJ. Pathogenesis and clinical and economic consequences of postoperative ileus. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007;64:S3-S7.

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Luckey A, Livingston E, Taché Y. Mechanisms and treatment of postoperative ileus. Arch Surg. 2003;138:206-214.

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Doorly MG, Senagore AJ. Pathogenesis and clinical and economic consequences of postoperative ileus. Surg Clin North Am. 2012;92:259-272.

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Person B, Wexner SD. The management of postoperative ileus. Curr Probl Surg. 2006;43:6-65.

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Kraft MD. Emerging pharmacologic options for treating postoperative ileus. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2007;64:S13-S20.

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Traut U, Brügger L, Kunz R, et al. Systemic prokinetic pharmacologic treatment for postoperative adynamic ileus following abdominal surgery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD004930.

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2.  Livingston EH, Passaro EP Jr. Postoperative ileus. Dig Dis Sci. 1990;35:121-132.

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3.  Artinyan A, Nunoo-Mensah JW, Balasubramaniam S, et al. Prolonged postoperative ileus: definition, risk factors, and predictors of surgery. World J Surg. 2008;32:1495-1500.

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4.  Wolthuis AM, Bislenghi G, Fieuws S, et al. Incidence of prolonged postoperative ileus after colorectal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Colorectal Dis. 2016;18:O1-9.

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5.  Senagore AJ. Pathogenesis and clinical and economic consequences of postoperative ileus. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007;64:S3-S7.

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6.  Luckey A, Livingston E, Taché Y. Mechanisms and treatment of postoperative ileus. Arch Surg. 2003;138:206-214.

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7.  Story SK, Chamberlain RS. A comprehensive review of evidence-based strategies to prevent and treat postoperative ileus. Dig Surg. 2009;26:265-275.

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8.  Doorly MG, Senagore AJ. Pathogenesis and clinical and economic consequences of postoperative ileus. Surg Clin North Am. 2012;92:259-272.

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9.  Kurt M, Litmathe J, Roehrborn A, et al. Abdominal complications following open-heart surgery: a report of 12 cases and review of the literature. Acta Cardiol. 2006;61:301-306.

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11.  Di Nardo G, Blandizzi C, Volta U, et al. Review article: molecular, pathological and therapeutic features of human enteric neuropathies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;28:25-42.

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12.  Person B, Wexner SD. The management of postoperative ileus. Curr Probl Surg. 2006;43:6-65.

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13.  Le Blanc-Louvry I, Denis P, Ducrotte P. The role of remote gut inflammation in duodenojejunal dysmotility. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2002;14:143-150.

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15.  Joh YG, Lindsetmo RO, Stulberg J, et al. Standardized postoperative pathway: accelerating recovery after ileostomy closure. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51:1786-1789.

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16.  Tjandra JJ, Chan MK. Systematic review on the short-term outcome of laparoscopic resection for colon and rectosigmoid cancer. Colorectal Dis. 2006;8:375-388.

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17.  Veldkamp R, Kuhry E, Hop WC, et al. Laparoscopic surgery versus open surgery for colon cancer: short-term outcomes of a randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6:477-484.

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18.  Tilney HS, Lovegrove RE, Purkayastha S, et al. Laparoscopic vs open subtotal colectomy for benign and malignant disease. Colorectal Dis. 2006;8:441-450.

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19.  Orji EO, Olabode TO, Kuti O, et al. A randomised controlled trial of early initiation of oral feeding after cesarean section. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009;22:65-71.

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20.  Boelens PG, Heesakkers FF, Luyer MD, et al. Reduction of postoperative ileus by early enteral nutrition in patients undergoing major rectal surgery: prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2014;259:649-655.

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21.  Reissman P, Teoh TA, Cohen SM, et al. Is early oral feeding safe after elective colorectal surgery? A prospective randomized trial. Ann Surg. 1995;222:73-77.

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22.  Feo CV, Romanini B, Sortini D, et al. Early oral feeding after colorectal resection: a randomized controlled study. ANZ J Surg. 2004;74:298-301.

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23.  Stewart BT, Woods RJ, Collopy BT, et al. Early feeding after elective open colorectal resections: a prospective randomized trial. Aust N Z J Surg. 1998;68:125-128.

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24.  Han-Geurts IJ, Hop WC, Kok NF, et al. Randomized clinical trial of the impact of early enteral feeding on postoperative ileus and recovery. Br J Surg. 2007;94:555-561.

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25.  Gannon RH. Current strategies for preventing or ameliorating postoperative ileus: a multimodal approach. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007;64:S8-S12.

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26.  Holte K, Kehlet H. Postoperative ileus: a preventable event. Br J Surg. 2000;87:1480-1493.

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27.  Chen JY, Ko TL, Wen YR, et al. Opioid-sparing effects of ketorolac and its correlation with the recovery of postoperative bowel function in colorectal surgery patients: a prospective randomized double-blinded study. Clin J Pain. 2009;25:485-489.

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28.  Zingg U, Miskovic D, Hamel CT, et al. Influence of thoracic epidural analgesia on postoperative pain relief and ileus after laparoscopic colorectal resection: benefit with epidural analgesia. Surg Endosc. 2009;23:276-282.

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29.  Carli F, Trudel JL, Belliveau P. The effect of intraoperative thoracic epidural anesthesia and postoperative analgesia on bowel function after colorectal surgery: a prospective, randomized trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:1083-1089.

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30.  Gendall KA, Kennedy RR, Watson AJ, et al. The effect of epidural analgesia on postoperative outcome after colorectal surgery. Colorectal Dis. 2007;9:584-598.

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31.  Senagore AJ, Delaney CP, Mekhail N, et al. Randomized clinical trial comparing epidural anaesthesia and patient-controlled analgesia after laparoscopic segmental colectomy. Br J Surg. 2003;90:1195-1199.

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32.  Marret E, Remy C, Bonnet F. Meta-analysis of epidural analgesia versus parenteral opioid analgesia after colorectal surgery. Br J Surg. 2007;94:665-673.

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33.  Marret E, Rolin M, Beaussier M, et al. Meta-analysis of intravenous lidocaine and postoperative recovery after abdominal surgery. Br J Surg. 2008;95:1331-1338.

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34.  Drake TM, Ward AE. Pharmacological management to prevent ileus in major abdominal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2016;20:1253-1264.

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35.  Short V, Herbert G, Perry R, et al. Chewing gum for postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(2):CD006506.

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36.  Kraft MD. Emerging pharmacologic options for treating postoperative ileus. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2007;64:S13-S20.

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37.  US Food and Drug Administration. Summary review for regulatory action: Entereg. May 2008. http://www.fda.gov (last accessed 26 September 2017).

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38.  Yeh YC, Klinger EV, Reddy P. Pharmacologic options to prevent postoperative ileus. Ann Pharmacother. 2009;43:1474-1785.

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39.  Senagore AJ, Bauer JJ, Du W, et al. Alvimopan accelerates GI recovery after bowel resection regardless of age, gender, race, or concomitant medication use. Surgery. 2007;142:478-486.

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40.  Delaney CP, Weese JL, Hyman NH, et al. Phase III trial of alvimopan, a novel, peripherally acting, mu opioid antagonist, for postoperative ileus after major abdominal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:1114-1125.

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41.  Buchler MWS, Seiler CM, Monson JR, et al. Clinical trial: Alvimopan for the management of post-operative ileus after abdominal surgery: results of an international randomized, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled clinical study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;28:312-325.

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42.  Wolff BG, Michelassi F, Gerkin TM, et al. Results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial of major abdominal surgery and postoperative ileus. Ann Surg 2004;240:728-735.

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43.  Traut U, Brügger L, Kunz R, et al. Systemic prokinetic pharmacologic treatment for postoperative adynamic ileus following abdominal surgery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD004930.

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44.  Ludwig K, Viscusi ER, Wolff BG, et al. Alvimopan for the management of postoperative ileus after bowel resection: characterization of clinical benefit by pooled responder analysis. World J Surg. 2010;34:2185-2190.

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45.  Vaughan-Shaw PG, Fecher IC, Harris S, et al. A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of the opioid receptor antagonist alvimopan in reducing hospital length of stay and time to GI recovery in patients enrolled in a standardized accelerated recovery program after abdominal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2012;55:611-620.

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46.  Abodeely A, Schechter S, Klipfel A, et al. Does alvimopan enhance return of bowel function in laparoscopic right colectomy? Am Surg. 2011;77:1460-1462.

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47.  Vasquez W, Hernandez AV, Garcia-Sabrido JL, et al. Is gum chewing useful for ileus after elective colorectal surgery? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Gastrointest Surg. 2009;13:649-656.

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48.  Purkayastha S, Tilney HS, Darzi AW, et al. Meta-analysis of randomized studies evaluating chewing gum to enhance postoperative recovery following colectomy. Arch Surg. 2008;143:788-793.

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49.  Noble EJH, Harris R, Hosie KB, et al. Gum chewing reduces postoperative ileus? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2009;7:100-105.

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50.  Fitzgerald JE, Ahmed I. Systematic review and meta-analysis of chewing-gum therapy in the reduction of postoperative paralytic ileus following gastrointestinal surgery. World J Surg. 2009;33:2557-2566.

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51.  van den Heijkant TC, Costes LM, van der Lee DG, et al. Randomized clinical trial of the effect of gum chewing on postoperative ileus and inflammation in colorectal surgery. Br J Surg. 2015;102:202-211.

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52.  Zhu YP, Wang WJ, Zhang SL, et al. Effects of gum chewing on postoperative bowel motility after caesarean section: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BJOG. 2014;121:787-792.

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53.  Andersson T, Bjerså K, Falk K, et al. Effects of chewing gum against postoperative ileus after pancreaticoduodenectomy--a randomized controlled trial. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:37.

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54.  Frager DH, Baer JW, Rothpearl A, et al. Distinction between postoperative ileus and mechanical small-bowel obstruction: value of CT compared with clinical and other radiographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1995;164:891-894.

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55.  Sebastian VA, Nebab KJ, Goldfarb MA. Intestinal obstruction and ileus: role of computed tomography scan in diagnosis and management. Am Surg. 2007;73:1210-1214.

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56.  O'Halloran SM, Gilbert J, McKendrick OM, et al. Gastrografin in acute meconium ileus equivalent. Arch Dis Child. 1986;61:1128-1130.

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57.  Golzarian J, Scott HW Jr, Richards WO. Hypermagnesemia-induced paralytic ileus. Dig Dis Sci. 1994;39:1138-1142.

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58.  Seres DS. Surrogate nutrition markers, malnutrition, and adequacy of nutrition support. Nutr Clin Pract. 2005;20:308-313.

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59.  De Giorgio R, Knowles CH. Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction. Br J Surg. 2009;96:229-239.

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61.  Chan KC, Cheng YJ, Huang GT, et al. The effect of IVPCA morphine on post-hysterectomy bowel function. Acta Anasesthesiol Sin. 2002;40:61-64.

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62.  Vather R, Josephson R, Jaung R, et al. Gastrografin in prolonged postoperative ileus: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2015;262:23-30.

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63.  Biondo S, Miquel J, Espin-Basany E, et al. A double-blinded randomized clinical study on the therapeutic effect of gastrografin in prolonged postoperative ileus after elective colorectal surgery. World J Surg. 2016;40:206-214.

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64.  Cheape JD, Wexner SD, James K, et al. Does metoclopramide reduce the length of ileus after colorectal surgery? A prospective randomized trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 1991;34:437-441.

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65.  Seta ML, Kale-Pradhan PB. Efficacy of metoclopramide in postoperative ileus after exploratory laparotomy. Pharmacotherapy. 2001;21:1181-1186.

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66.  Smith AJ, Nissan A, Lanouette NM, et al. Prokinetic effect of erythromycin after colorectal surgery: randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;43:333-337.

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67.  Lightfoot AJ, Eno M, Kreder KJ, et al. Treatment of postoperative ileus after bowel surgery with low-dose intravenous erythromycin. Urology. 2007;69:611-615.

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68.  Schlachta CM, Burpee SE, Fernandez C, et al. Optimizing recovery after laparoscopic colon surgery (ORAL-CS): effect of intravenous ketorolac on length of hospital stay. Surg Endosc. 2007;21:2212-2219.

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69.  Lee A, Cooper MG, Craig JC, et al. Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on postoperative renal function in adults with normal renal function. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(2):CD002765.

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70.  Chen JY, Wu GJ, Mok MS, et al. Effect of adding ketorolac to intravenous morphine patient-controlled analgesia on bowel function in colorectal surgery patients: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2005;49:546-551.

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73.  Viscusi E, Rathmell J, Fischera A, et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of methylnaltrexone for postoperative bowel dysfunction in segmental colectomy patients. Anesthesiology. 2005;103:A893.

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75.  Yu CS, Chun HK, Stambler N, et al. Safety and efficacy of methylnaltrexone in shortening the duration of postoperative ileus following segmental colectomy: results of two randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials. Dis Colon Rectum. 2011;54:570-578.

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76.  Zingg U, Miskovic D, Pasternak I, et al. Effect of bisacodyl on postoperative bowel motility in elective colorectal surgery: a prospective, randomized trial. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2008;23:1175-1183.

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77.  Popescu I, Fleshner PR, Pezzullo JC, et al. The Ghrelin agonist TZP-101 for management of postoperative ileus after partial colectomy: a randomized, dose-ranging, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 2010;53:126-134.

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