多模式疗法有利于减少术后肠梗阻的产生,经证明,可以缩短住院时间。[7]Story SK, Chamberlain RS. A comprehensive review of evidence-based strategies to prevent and treat postoperative ileus. Dig Surg. 2009;26:265-275.https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/227765http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19590205?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Joh YG, Lindsetmo RO, Stulberg J, et al. Standardized postoperative pathway: accelerating recovery after ileostomy closure. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51:1786-1789.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18575937?tool=bestpractice.com术后持续性肠梗阻的一级预防建议包括:
用腹腔镜代替剖腹手术,尽量少用肠道操作证据 B术后肠梗阻持续时间:有中等质量证据表明相对于剖腹手术,腹腔镜检查与缩短住院治疗时间有关。相对于剖腹手术,有些研究将腹腔镜手术和肠道功能恢复时间的缩短明确地联系在一起。[16]Tjandra JJ, Chan MK. Systematic review on the short-term outcome of laparoscopic resection for colon and rectosigmoid cancer. Colorectal Dis. 2006;8:375-388.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16684081?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Veldkamp R, Kuhry E, Hop WC, et al. Laparoscopic surgery versus open surgery for colon cancer: short-term outcomes of a randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6:477-484.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15992696?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Tilney HS, Lovegrove RE, Purkayastha S, et al. Laparoscopic vs open subtotal colectomy for benign and malignant disease. Colorectal Dis. 2006;8:441-450.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16684090?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
手术后去摘除口胃管或鼻胃管
限制性静脉补液(目标导向性液体治疗)
早期肠道喂养[19]Orji EO, Olabode TO, Kuti O, et al. A randomised controlled trial of early initiation of oral feeding after cesarean section. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009;22:65-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19165681?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Boelens PG, Heesakkers FF, Luyer MD, et al. Reduction of postoperative ileus by early enteral nutrition in patients undergoing major rectal surgery: prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2014;259:649-655.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24169163?tool=bestpractice.com证据 B早期术后喂食耐受性:有中等质量的证据表明早起术后喂食有相当好的耐受性。[21]Reissman P, Teoh TA, Cohen SM, et al. Is early oral feeding safe after elective colorectal surgery? A prospective randomized trial. Ann Surg. 1995;222:73-77.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=7618972http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7618972?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Feo CV, Romanini B, Sortini D, et al. Early oral feeding after colorectal resection: a randomized controlled study. ANZ J Surg. 2004;74:298-301.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15144242?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Stewart BT, Woods RJ, Collopy BT, et al. Early feeding after elective open colorectal resections: a prospective randomized trial. Aust N Z J Surg. 1998;68:125-128.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9494004?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Han-Geurts IJ, Hop WC, Kok NF, et al. Randomized clinical trial of the impact of early enteral feeding on postoperative ileus and recovery. Br J Surg. 2007;94:555-561.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17443854?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
术后第一天下床活动
增加非类固醇抗炎药 (NSAIDs) 和患者自控型镇痛法的使用[6]Luckey A, Livingston E, Taché Y. Mechanisms and treatment of postoperative ileus. Arch Surg. 2003;138:206-214.http://archsurg.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/138/2/206http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12578422?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Person B, Wexner SD. The management of postoperative ileus. Curr Probl Surg. 2006;43:6-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16412717?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Gannon RH. Current strategies for preventing or ameliorating postoperative ileus: a multimodal approach. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007;64:S8-S12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17909275?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Holte K, Kehlet H. Postoperative ileus: a preventable event. Br J Surg. 2000;87:1480-1493.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11091234?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Chen JY, Ko TL, Wen YR, et al. Opioid-sparing effects of ketorolac and its correlation with the recovery of postoperative bowel function in colorectal surgery patients: a prospective randomized double-blinded study. Clin J Pain. 2009;25:485-489.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19542795?tool=bestpractice.com
通过使用硬膜外麻醉来减少阿片类药物静脉给药[28]Zingg U, Miskovic D, Hamel CT, et al. Influence of thoracic epidural analgesia on postoperative pain relief and ileus after laparoscopic colorectal resection: benefit with epidural analgesia. Surg Endosc. 2009;23:276-282.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18363059?tool=bestpractice.com证据 B术后肠梗阻持续时间:有中等质量证据表明硬膜外腔麻醉能减少术后肠梗阻的持续时间,但与阿片类镇痛药相比却不影响住院时间。[29]Carli F, Trudel JL, Belliveau P. The effect of intraoperative thoracic epidural anesthesia and postoperative analgesia on bowel function after colorectal surgery: a prospective, randomized trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:1083-1089.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11535845?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Gendall KA, Kennedy RR, Watson AJ, et al. The effect of epidural analgesia on postoperative outcome after colorectal surgery. Colorectal Dis. 2007;9:584-598.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17506795?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Senagore AJ, Delaney CP, Mekhail N, et al. Randomized clinical trial comparing epidural anaesthesia and patient-controlled analgesia after laparoscopic segmental colectomy. Br J Surg. 2003;90:1195-1199.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14515286?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Marret E, Remy C, Bonnet F. Meta-analysis of epidural analgesia versus parenteral opioid analgesia after colorectal surgery. Br J Surg. 2007;94:665-673.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17514701?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Zingg U, Miskovic D, Hamel CT, et al. Influence of thoracic epidural analgesia on postoperative pain relief and ileus after laparoscopic colorectal resection: benefit with epidural analgesia. Surg Endosc. 2009;23:276-282.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18363059?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
在全身麻醉期间和过后进行利多卡因静脉给药,以减少腹部手术后肠梗阻的持续时间[33]Marret E, Rolin M, Beaussier M, et al. Meta-analysis of intravenous lidocaine and postoperative recovery after abdominal surgery. Br J Surg. 2008;95:1331-1338.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18844267?tool=bestpractice.com
在围手术期使用爱维莫潘[34]Drake TM, Ward AE. Pharmacological management to prevent ileus in major abdominal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2016;20:1253-1264.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27073081?tool=bestpractice.com
嚼口香糖。[35]Short V, Herbert G, Perry R, et al. Chewing gum for postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(2):CD006506.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006506.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25914904?tool=bestpractice.com
爱维莫潘是 μ 阿片类受体的高选择性拮抗剂,比甲基纳曲酮的亲合力更高。它不会穿过血脑屏障,且胃肠吸收有限。主要经由肝脏排出。[36]Kraft MD. Emerging pharmacologic options for treating postoperative ileus. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2007;64:S13-S20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17909271?tool=bestpractice.com出于促进恢复肠道功能的目的,爱维莫潘可在医院短期使用,仅可用于进行了小肠或大肠切除术的年满 18 岁的患者使用,最多为 15 剂。[37]US Food and Drug Administration. Summary review for regulatory action: Entereg. May 2008. http://www.fda.gov (last accessed 26 September 2017).https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/summary_review/2008/021775s000_SUMR.pdf
爱维莫潘已被证明可以加速术后胃肠功能的恢复,使患者提早出院。[34]Drake TM, Ward AE. Pharmacological management to prevent ileus in major abdominal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2016;20:1253-1264.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27073081?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Yeh YC, Klinger EV, Reddy P. Pharmacologic options to prevent postoperative ileus. Ann Pharmacother. 2009;43:1474-1785.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19602600?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Senagore AJ, Bauer JJ, Du W, et al. Alvimopan accelerates GI recovery after bowel resection regardless of age, gender, race, or concomitant medication use. Surgery. 2007;142:478-486.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17950339?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Delaney CP, Weese JL, Hyman NH, et al. Phase III trial of alvimopan, a novel, peripherally acting, mu opioid antagonist, for postoperative ileus after major abdominal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:1114-1125.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15906123?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Buchler MWS, Seiler CM, Monson JR, et al. Clinical trial: Alvimopan for the management of post-operative ileus after abdominal surgery: results of an international randomized, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled clinical study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;28:312-325.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19086236?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Wolff BG, Michelassi F, Gerkin TM, et al. Results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial of major abdominal surgery and postoperative ileus. Ann Surg 2004;240:728-735.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1356474&blobtype=pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15383800?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Traut U, Brügger L, Kunz R, et al. Systemic prokinetic pharmacologic treatment for postoperative adynamic ileus following abdominal surgery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD004930.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004930.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18254064?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Ludwig K, Viscusi ER, Wolff BG, et al. Alvimopan for the management of postoperative ileus after bowel resection: characterization of clinical benefit by pooled responder analysis. World J Surg. 2010;34:2185-2190.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20526599?tool=bestpractice.com 与服用安慰剂相比,爱维莫潘可以使患者提早 15-22 小时恢复胃肠道功能,提前约 16-20 小时出院。短期用药几乎不会发生不良事件。但是,问题在于长期用药的安全性。在一项针对慢性疼痛患者的长期、安慰剂对照的安全性研究中,一部分通过手臂注射爱维莫潘组患者出现了引起关注的数量的心血管和肿瘤不良事件,但此增多的数量增多没有统计学意义。[36]Kraft MD. Emerging pharmacologic options for treating postoperative ileus. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2007;64:S13-S20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17909271?tool=bestpractice.com近期一项涉及三项双盲随机对照试验的 meta 分析(包含 1388 名患者)发现,在围手术期使用爱维莫潘,或将其作为增强恢复计划疗程的一部分,可以进一步缩短胃肠道恢复时间及出院时间。[45]Vaughan-Shaw PG, Fecher IC, Harris S, et al. A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of the opioid receptor antagonist alvimopan in reducing hospital length of stay and time to GI recovery in patients enrolled in a standardized accelerated recovery program after abdominal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2012;55:611-620.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22513441?tool=bestpractice.com已发表的大多数研究仅采用开放性腹部手术作为治疗方式,对于在腹腔镜手术中爱维莫潘的益处缺乏有力数据支持。一项具前瞻性的非随机试验显示,爱维莫潘可以避免腹腔镜右半结肠切除术后的肠梗阻,[46]Abodeely A, Schechter S, Klipfel A, et al. Does alvimopan enhance return of bowel function in laparoscopic right colectomy? Am Surg. 2011;77:1460-1462.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22196657?tool=bestpractice.com但在推荐爱维莫潘在应用于腹腔镜手术之前,还需进行样本量更大的随机、前瞻性试验。
另一种策略是在术后嚼口香糖。一些随机对照试验和荟萃分析表明,患者在术后嚼口香糖可以减少术后肠梗阻的持续时间。[38]Yeh YC, Klinger EV, Reddy P. Pharmacologic options to prevent postoperative ileus. Ann Pharmacother. 2009;43:1474-1785.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19602600?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Vasquez W, Hernandez AV, Garcia-Sabrido JL, et al. Is gum chewing useful for ileus after elective colorectal surgery? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Gastrointest Surg. 2009;13:649-656.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19050983?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Purkayastha S, Tilney HS, Darzi AW, et al. Meta-analysis of randomized studies evaluating chewing gum to enhance postoperative recovery following colectomy. Arch Surg. 2008;143:788-793.http://archsurg.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/143/8/788http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18711040?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Noble EJH, Harris R, Hosie KB, et al. Gum chewing reduces postoperative ileus? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2009;7:100-105.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19261555?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Fitzgerald JE, Ahmed I. Systematic review and meta-analysis of chewing-gum therapy in the reduction of postoperative paralytic ileus following gastrointestinal surgery. World J Surg. 2009;33:2557-2566.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19763686?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Short V, Herbert G, Perry R, et al. Chewing gum for postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(2):CD006506.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006506.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25914904?tool=bestpractice.com[51]van den Heijkant TC, Costes LM, van der Lee DG, et al. Randomized clinical trial of the effect of gum chewing on postoperative ileus and inflammation in colorectal surgery. Br J Surg. 2015;102:202-211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25524125?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Zhu YP, Wang WJ, Zhang SL, et al. Effects of gum chewing on postoperative bowel motility after caesarean section: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BJOG. 2014;121:787-792.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1471-0528.12662/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24629205?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Andersson T, Bjerså K, Falk K, et al. Effects of chewing gum against postoperative ileus after pancreaticoduodenectomy--a randomized controlled trial. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:37.http://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-015-0996-0http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25886536?tool=bestpractice.com证据 B手术后肠梗阻持续时间和安全数据:有中等质量证据表明术后患者嚼口香糖是安全的,可以有效缩短手术后肠梗阻的持续时间。[35]Short V, Herbert G, Perry R, et al. Chewing gum for postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(2):CD006506.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006506.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25914904?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
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