摄食常见有毒植物

主要危险因素包括儿童被发现或怀疑摄入植物；成人采食可食用的野生植物，并错认为这些植物可食用；通过发酵、提取或咀嚼生成植物浓缩物以食用。

可能是由于以下物质的直接作用：心脏兴奋剂（例如蓝升麻、毒芹、金链花、路贝利草、羽扇豆、烟草、绿茶、苦丁茶冬青、巴拉、麻黄或阿拉伯茶），抗毒蕈碱类物质（曼陀罗、疯草、颠茄、莨菪、欧洲/原曼德拉草），或者烟碱样生物碱（例如，蓝升麻、毒芹、金链花、路贝利草、羽扇豆或烟草）；或者继发于胃肠道失血引起的血容量减少。

可能是咖啡因、茶碱、麻黄碱/脱氧肾上腺素样兴奋剂的直接作用（如蓝升麻、毒芹、金链、路单利草、羽扇豆、烟草、绿茶、巴拉圭茶、巴拉、麻黄）；抗毒蕈碱类（曼陀罗、疯草、颠茄、天仙子、或欧洲/原曼德拉草）；或烟碱样生物碱（如，蓝升麻、毒芹、金链、路单利草、羽扇豆和烟草）。

可能是以下物质的直接作用：洋地黄样糖苷（例如草乌、铃兰、毛地黄、夹竹桃、红海葱）；或毒蕈碱类（例如槟榔、卡拉巴豆/毒扁豆和毛果芸香属植物）。

也可能在摄入黄花草、零陵香豆、蓬子菜、草木樨、红三叶草和七叶树后引起内出血的情况下发生。

可能在摄入秋水仙或嘉兰引起心肌抑制的情况下发生。 [Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 夹竹桃From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 夹竹桃From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].

可能是毒蕈碱类（如槟榔、卡拉巴豆、毒扁豆和毛果芸香属植物）或含鸦片麻醉剂的植物直接作用。

可能是抗毒蕈碱类（曼陀罗、疯草、颠茄、天仙子、或欧洲/原曼德拉草）的直接作用；烟碱样生物碱（如蓝升麻、毒芹、金链、路单利草、羽扇豆和烟草）；或其他拟交感神经类（酸橙、麻黄、瓜拉纳）。

可能是以下物质的直接作用：毒蕈碱类（例如槟榔、卡拉巴豆、毒扁豆和毛果芸香属植物），洋地黄样糖苷（例如草乌、铃兰、毛地黄、夹竹桃、红海葱)；或者呕吐和胃肠道痉挛对迷走神经过度刺激的间接作用。[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 夹竹桃From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 夹竹桃From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].

多种植物的摄入均能发生。 特别是在摄入影响精神的生物碱类（如牵牛花、罂粟、苦艾酒、大麻、古柯、乌羽玉、美丽银背藤、肉豆蔻）后可能发生。

意识受损可发生在摄入具有肝毒性的植物（蓝藻、千里光、其他千里光种、吊裙草、天芥菜属、苍术、卡瓦胡椒、石炭酸灌木）后，或者在摄入黄花草、零陵香豆、蓬子菜、草木樨、红三叶草和七叶树后由隐匿性出血引起。

摄入木薯或李属植物引起酸中毒时，可出现头痛。[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 千里光属From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 千里光属From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 千里光属From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].

在摄入多种植物后均能发生。在摄入影响精神的生物碱类（例如牵牛花、苦艾、大麻、古柯、乌羽玉、美丽银背藤、肉豆蔻、鼠尾草、掺假的草药混合物 [例如合成大麻类] 或抗毒蕈碱类植物）后，尤其可能发生。

可能是以下植物的直接作用：毒芹、毒芹属种、 [Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 毒芹From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 毒芹From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 毒芹From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 毒芹From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends]. 艾草、 [Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 苦艾From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 苦艾From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 苦艾From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends]. 苦艾、艾菊、鼠尾草、 [Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 蓝花鼠尾草From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 蓝花鼠尾草From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 蓝花鼠尾草From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends]. 八角茴香、 [Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 八角茴香From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 八角茴香From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 八角茴香From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends]. 马钱子、番木鳖、马钱属类种子、蓝升麻、毒芹、金链、路单利草、羽扇豆、金链花、尼古丁和银杏 [Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 银杏From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 银杏From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 银杏From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends]. ；或继发于低血糖（例如，由于摄入生的西非荔枝果）或酸中毒（例如，由于摄入木薯、李属植物）。植物引起的癫痫发作通常具有多样性，以全身性而非局灶性肌肉痉挛和阵挛为特点。

几乎可能发生在摄入任何有毒植物后。在摄入具有胃肠毒性的植物（包括美洲商陆、光滑冬青果、冬青浆果、槲寄生浆果、酢浆草、吐根、白桑葚或银杏）后，尤其可能发生。

摄入木薯或李属植物引起酸中毒时，可出现头痛。[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 冬青From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 冬青From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 冬青From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 酢浆草From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 酢浆草From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 酢浆草From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 银杏From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 银杏From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 银杏From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].

在摄入几乎任何植物后均可发生。在摄入以下植物后，尤其可能发生：具有胃肠毒性的植物（包括美洲商陆、光滑冬青果、冬青浆果、槲寄生浆果、酢浆草、吐根、白桑葚和银杏）；秋水仙，长春花，盾叶鬼臼，强心苷，2 型核糖体失活蛋白（如蓖麻子 [蓖麻]），含咖啡碱或茶碱的植物，或者烟碱样生物碱类植物（例如蓝升麻、毒芹、金链花、路贝利草、羽扇豆、金链花属植物或烟草）。

摄入木薯或李属植物引起酸中毒时，可出现头痛。[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 冬青From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 冬青From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 冬青From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 酢浆草From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 酢浆草From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 酢浆草From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 银杏From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 银杏From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 银杏From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].

痉挛几乎可能发生在摄入任何有毒植物后。在摄入具有胃肠毒性的植物（包括美洲商陆、光滑冬青果、冬青浆果、槲寄生浆果、酢浆草、吐根、白桑葚或银杏）后，尤其可能发生。[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 冬青From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 冬青From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 冬青From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 酢浆草From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 酢浆草From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 酢浆草From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 银杏From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 银杏From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 银杏From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].

在摄入黄花草、零陵香豆、蓬子菜、草木樨、红三叶草或七叶树后引起隐血(自发性腹腔出血)的情况下也可能发生。

也可能在摄入秋水仙、番红花、长春花、北美鬼臼、鬼臼属、蓖麻子或西非荔枝果后伴发于骨髓抑制。

摄入木薯或李属植物引起酸中毒时，可出现头痛。[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 蓖麻子From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 蓖麻子From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 蓖麻子From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].

摄入多种植物后发生。在摄入具有胃肠毒性的植物（例如美洲商陆、光滑冬青果、冬青浆果、槲寄生浆果、酢浆草、吐根和银杏）或毒蕈碱样植物（例如槟榔、卡拉巴豆、毒扁豆和毛果芸香属植物）后，尤其可能发生。

也可能在摄入秋水仙、番红花、长春花、北美鬼臼、鬼臼属、蓖麻子或西非荔枝果后伴发于骨髓抑制。[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 冬青From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 冬青From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 冬青From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 酢浆草From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 酢浆草From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 酢浆草From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 银杏From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 银杏From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 银杏From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 蓖麻子From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 蓖麻子From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 蓖麻子From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].

可能是以下物质的直接作用：洋地黄样糖苷（草乌、铃兰、毛地黄、夹竹桃、红海葱）；毒蕈碱类（如槟榔、卡拉巴豆、毒扁豆和毛果芸香属植物），能引起非心源性肺水肿；或者烟碱样生物碱（如蓝升麻、毒芹、金链花、路单利草、羽扇豆或烟草），能引起呼吸抑制。沙巴蔬菜能引起闭塞性细支气管炎。

白鹤芋、或像荨麻和仙人掌一样的机械刺激。

也可能在摄入秋水仙、番红花、长春花、北美鬼臼、鬼臼属、蓖麻子或西非荔枝果后伴发于骨髓抑制。

摄入木薯或李属植物引起酸中毒时，可出现头痛。[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 夹竹桃From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 夹竹桃From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 蓖麻子From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 蓖麻子From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 蓖麻子From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].

可能是抗毒蕈碱类（曼陀罗、疯草、颠茄、天仙子、或欧洲/原曼德拉草）的直接作用。

植物引起的皮炎和黏膜刺激通常由刺激性化学物如草酸盐晶体（如喜林芋、花叶芋、荨麻或白鹤芋）引起的。[20]Oliver F, Amon EU, Breathnach A, et al. Contact urticaria due to the common stinging nettle (Urtica dioica): histological, ultrastructural and pharmacological studies. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1991 Jan;16(1):1-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2025924?tool=bestpractice.com

摄入银杏的种子/叶子/叶子提取物，也可引起过敏性皮肤反应。

光照性皮炎的发生可能与含呋喃香豆素的植物有关（芸香、芹菜、酸橙、佛手柑）。[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 银杏From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 银杏From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 银杏From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].

摄入苯丙酯类（来源于辣椒或红椒）后可发生；[31]Weinberg RB. Hunan hand. N Engl J Med. 1981 Oct 22;305(17):1020.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7278919?tool=bestpractice.com 或草酸针晶（来源于喜林芋、五彩芋、酢浆草、白鹤芋）或诸如荨麻和仙人掌等所造成的机械性刺激。[20]Oliver F, Amon EU, Breathnach A, et al. Contact urticaria due to the common stinging nettle (Urtica dioica): histological, ultrastructural and pharmacological studies. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1991 Jan;16(1):1-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2025924?tool=bestpractice.com[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 辣椒From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 辣椒From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 辣椒From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 辣椒From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 辣椒From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 酢浆草From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 酢浆草From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 酢浆草From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].

显性出血可由摄入黄花草、零陵香豆、蓬子菜、草木樨、红三叶草、七叶树或银杏引起。 [Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 银杏From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 银杏From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 银杏From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].

摄入黄花草、零陵香豆、蓬子菜、草木樨、红三叶草、七叶树引发脑出血时，可出现头痛。

摄入木薯或李属植物引起酸中毒时，可出现头痛。

可能在摄入黄花草、零陵香豆、蓬子菜、草木樨、红三叶草和七叶树后引起内出血的情况下发生。

可能在摄入黄花草、零陵香豆、蓬子菜、草木樨、红三叶草和七叶树后引起内出血的情况下发生。

可能在摄入黄花草、零陵香豆、蓬子菜、草木樨、红三叶草和七叶树后引起内出血的情况下发生。

也可能在摄入秋水仙、番红花、长春花、北美鬼臼、鬼臼属、蓖麻子或西非荔枝果后伴发于骨髓抑制。[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 蓖麻子From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 蓖麻子From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 蓖麻子From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].

在摄入秋水仙、番红花、长春花、北美鬼臼、鬼臼属、蓖麻子或西非荔枝果后可能伴随骨髓抑制而出现。[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 蓖麻子From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 蓖麻子From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 蓖麻子From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].

在摄入秋水仙、番红花、长春花、北美鬼臼、鬼臼属、蓖麻子或西非荔枝果后可能伴随骨髓抑制而出现。[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 蓖麻子From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 蓖麻子From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 蓖麻子From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].

在摄入具有肝毒性的植物（例如，蓝藻、千里光、其他千里光属种、吊裙草、天芥菜种、苍术、卡瓦胡椒、石炭酸灌木）后可能发生。[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 千里光属From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 千里光属From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 千里光属From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].

该慢性肝病的体征可在患者摄入具有肝毒性的植物（蓝藻、千里光、其他千里光属种、吊裙草、天芥菜种、苍术、卡瓦胡椒、石炭酸灌木）后一段时间出现。[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 千里光属From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 千里光属From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 千里光属From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].

该慢性肝病的体征可在患者摄入具有肝毒性的植物（蓝藻、千里光、其他千里光属种、吊裙草、天芥菜种、苍术、卡瓦胡椒、石炭酸灌木）后一段时间出现。[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 千里光属From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 千里光属From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 千里光属From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].

该慢性肝病的体征可能在患者摄入肝毒素植物（蓝藻、千里光、其他千里光种、吊裙草、天芥菜种、苍术、卡瓦胡椒、绿茶胶囊）后一段时间出现。[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 千里光属From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 千里光属From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 千里光属From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].

该慢性肝病的体征可能在患者摄入肝毒素植物（蓝藻、千里光、其他千里光种、吊裙草、天芥菜种、苍术、卡瓦胡椒、绿茶胶囊）后一段时间出现。[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 千里光属From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 千里光属From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 千里光属From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].

可能是毒蕈碱类（如槟榔、卡拉巴豆、毒扁豆、毛果芸香属植物）或烟碱样生物碱类（如蓝升麻、毒芹、金链、路单利草、羽扇豆、金链花和烟草）的直接作用。

可能是抗毒蕈碱类（曼陀罗、疯草、颠茄、天仙子、或欧洲/原曼德拉草）的直接作用或摄入胃肠毒性植物引起胃肠炎所造成。

可能是摄入抗毒蕈碱类（如曼陀罗、疯草、颠茄、天仙子、或欧洲/原曼德拉草）或烟碱样生物碱类（如蓝升麻、毒芹、金链、路单利草、羽扇豆、金链花和烟草）的直接作用；

也可能在摄入秋水仙、番红花、长春花、北美鬼臼、鬼臼属、蓖麻子或西非荔枝果后伴发于骨髓抑制。[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 蓖麻子From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 蓖麻子From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 蓖麻子From private collection of Gerald O'Malley [Citation ends].

可是摄入抗毒蕈碱样植物（如曼陀罗、疯草、颠茄、天仙子、或欧洲/原曼德拉草）的直接作用

可在摄入抗毒蕈碱样植物（如曼陀罗、疯草、颠茄、天仙子、或欧洲/原曼德拉草）后发生。

摄入木薯或李属植物引起酸中毒情况下可发生。

可能是摄入抗烟碱样生物碱类（如蓝升麻、毒芹、金链、路单利草、羽扇豆和烟草）的直接作用。

可能是由于具有神经毒性植物（例如草乌、山金车花、制川乌、马钱子、番木鳖、马钱属类种子、南美防己，南美箭毒树、黄花稔、黄芪属、杜鹃花、绊脚灌木、山月桂属、鼠李、coyotilla、tullidora）的直接作用。

可能是由于具有神经毒性植物（例如草乌、山金车花、制川乌、马钱子、番木鳖、马钱属类种子、南美防己，南美箭毒树、黄花稔、黄芪属、杜鹃花、绊脚灌木、山月桂属、鼠李、coyotilla、tullidora）的直接作用。