案例#1
一名 60 岁的男性因劳累性呼吸困难、寒战、肌痛、头痛、发热、盗汗 10 天而住院。他在农场工作,每日接触家兔、马、绵羊、火鸡、鸡群。检查提示:体温 38.5℃ (101.3℉)、脉搏 75 次/分、呼吸频率 22 次/分、血压 100/80 mmHg。胸部 X 线检查显示,左上和右上肺叶有实变区,左侧有少量胸腔积液。
案例#2
一名有癫痫发作史的 16 岁男孩前来就诊,其出现发热、流鼻涕、疲劳 1 天。他接受过阿莫西林/克拉维酸治疗推定的鼻窦炎,但当天晚些时候,出现强直阵挛发作,之后住院。发现右中指有甲沟炎;对此进行引流,接受双氯西林治疗后出院。三天后,他再次入院,出现发热以及右中指和腋窝疼痛。检查提示:体温 38.5℃ (101.5℉)、脉搏 116 次/分、呼吸频率 24 次/分、血压 122/76 mmHg。发现右侧腋窝可触及一个较大的淋巴结,有触痛。患者最近捕猎过兔子,最近还被猫抓伤和蚊子咬伤,但没有已知的蜱暴露。[2]Weiner E, Stryjewski G, Eppes S. Variable presentation of the cause of lymphadenopathy in two children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23:972-973,982.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15602207?tool=bestpractice.com
其他表现
全身表现一般突然发作。 体征和症状取决于受累器官,而受累器官则取决于细菌进入的部位。 虽然溃疡腺型土拉菌病(单侧、局限性有触痛的淋巴结病伴有感染部位溃疡)是最常见的表现,[1]Guffey MB, Dalzell A, Kelly DR, et al. Ulceroglandular tularemia in a nonendemic area. South Med J. 2007;100:304-308.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17396737?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Weiner E, Stryjewski G, Eppes S. Variable presentation of the cause of lymphadenopathy in two children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23:972-973,982.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15602207?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Hornick R. Tularemia revisited. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1637-1639.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200111293452211http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11757513?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Arav-Boger R. Cat-bite tularemia in a seventeen-year-old girl treated with ciprofloxacin. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19:583-584.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10877184?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Johansson A, Berglund L, Gothefors L, et al. Ciprofloxacin for treatment of tularemia in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19:449-453.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10819342?tool=bestpractice.com 但也有其他较为少见的表现类型,包括腺型(与溃疡腺型表现相同,但无可见的皮损)、肺型(干咳、胸膜炎、渗出性胸腔积液)、[3]Hornick R. Tularemia revisited. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1637-1639.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200111293452211http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11757513?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Bellido-Casado J, Perez-Castrillon JL, Bachiller-Luque P, et al. Report on five cases of tularaemic pneumonia in a tularaemia outbreak in Spain. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2000;19:218-220.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10795596?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Feldman KA, Enscore RE, Lathrop SL, et al. An outbreak of primary pneumonic tularemia on Martha's Vineyard. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1601-1606.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa011374#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11757506?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Rodgers BL, Duffield RP, Taylor T, et al. Tularemic meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998;17:439-441.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9613668?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. A 25-year-old woman with fever and abnormal liver function. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:201-205.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11463016?tool=bestpractice.com 咽型(渗出性咽炎或扁桃体炎)、眼腺型(大多数病例为单侧结膜炎,经常伴有下颌下、颈部、耳前淋巴结肿大)、伤寒型(腹泻、黄疸、胆汁淤积、肝脾肿大)或罕见的脑膜炎和脑脓肿型(颈强直、急性头痛)。[8]Rodgers BL, Duffield RP, Taylor T, et al. Tularemic meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998;17:439-441.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9613668?tool=bestpractice.com[11]van de Beek D, Steckelberg JM, Marshall WF, et al. Tularemia with brain abscesses. Neurology. 2007;68:531.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17296921?tool=bestpractice.com 这种细菌含有内毒素,内毒素性休克可能是感染表现之一。[12]Penn RL. Francisella tularensis. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 8th ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 2015. 可能发生无症状感染,但没有其发生率数据。